168 Chapter Six <strong>and</strong> DMSO (10 cm 3 ). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n quenched with water (15 cm 3 ) <strong>and</strong> chlor<strong>of</strong>orm (20 cm 3 ). The organic phase was separated, washed with water (3 x 10 cm 3 ), dried over MgSO4 <strong>and</strong> concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow solid. Purification by column chromatography [DCM: hexane (70:30)] afforded <strong>the</strong> product as a yellow solid (0.09 g, 60 %). Elemental analysis: Found: C, 39.61; H, 2.97. Calc. for C22H20Cl2F2O4Pd2: C, 39.43; H, 3.01. δH 2.99 (1H, d, 3 JHH = 12.5 Hz, Ha), 3.8 (dt, 3 JHH = 11.0 Hz, 3 JHH = 5.5 Hz, Hd), 4.01 (1H, d, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, Hb), 4.40 (2H, AB, 2 JAB = 13.3 Hz, OCHAHB), 5.52 (1H, ddd, 3 JHH = 12.1 Hz, 3 JHH = 11.3, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, Hc), 7.20 (1H, ap.tdd, 3 JHH = 3 JHF = 8.2 Hz, 4 JHH = 2.7 Hz, 4 JHH = 1.2 Hz, ArH-4), 7.35 (1H, td, 3 JHH = 7.8 Hz, 4 JHF = 5.5 Hz, ArH-5), 7.68 (1H, ddd, 3 JHF = 9.4 Hz, 4 JHH = 2.7 Hz, 4 JHH = 1.6 Hz, ArH-2), 7.79 (1H, dt, 3 JHH = 7.8 Hz, 4 JHH = 1.6 Hz, ArH-6); δC 60.6 (CHCH2), 61.7 (OCH2), 74.5 (OCH2CH), 109.6 (CHCH2), 115.7 (d, 2 JCF = 23.1 Hz, ArCH-2), 119.3 (d, 2 JCF = 20.1 Hz, ArCH-4), 124.5 (d, 3 JCF = 3.0 Hz, ArCH-6), 129.1 (d, 4 JCF = 8.0 Hz, ArCH-5), 130.8 (d, 3 JCF = 7.0 Hz, ArC-1), 161.5 (d, 1 JCF = 247.5 Hz, ArCF), 164.0 (d, 4 JCF = 3.0 Hz, C=O); δF -112.06 (1F, s, CF). m/z (FAB + ) 635 ([M-Cl] + , 100 %), 670 ([M] + , 17 %). 6.3.7 Preparation <strong>of</strong> Bis[�-chloro-bis(butenyl-(1,2,3-�)-2-fluorobenzoate]dipalladium (129) The novel compound was prepared following <strong>the</strong> method outlined by Granberg et al. [13] A 50 cm 3 , two-necked round- bottom flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar <strong>and</strong> Rotaflo tap <strong>and</strong> attached to a Schlenk line. After flame-drying under high vacuum, <strong>the</strong> flask was cooled <strong>and</strong> filled with nitrogen. Pd(dba)2 (0.25 g, 0.44 mmol) was added to <strong>the</strong> reaction flask in a dry box. Subsequently, <strong>the</strong> flask was reattached to <strong>the</strong> Schlenk line, filled with nitrogen <strong>and</strong> charged with 2-chlorobut-3-enyl-2-fluorobenzoate (0.10g, 0.44 mmol) <strong>and</strong> DMSO (10 cm 3 ). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n quenched with water (15 cm 3 ) <strong>and</strong> chlor<strong>of</strong>orm (20 cm 3 ). The organic phase was separated, washed with water (3 x 10 cm 3 ), dried over MgSO4 <strong>and</strong> concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow solid. Purification by column chromatography [DCM: hexane (70:30)] afforded <strong>the</strong> product as a yellow solid (0.11 g, 71 %). Elemental analysis: Found: C, 39.45; H, 2.94. Calc. for C22H20Cl2F2O4Pd2: C, 39.43; H, 3.01 %. δH 2.99 (1H, d, 3 JHH = 12.1 Hz, Ha), 3.78 (1H, ddd, 3 JHH = 11.0 Hz, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, 3 JHH = 4.3 Hz, Hd), 4.00 (1H, d, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, Hb), 4.24 (1H, dd, 2 JHH = 13.3, 3 JHH = 4.3 Hz, He), 4.43 (1H, dd, 2 JHH = 13.3, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, Hf), 5.56 (1H, ddd, 3 JHH = 12.1 Hz, 3 JHH = 11.0 Hz, 3 JHH = 6.7 Hz, Hc), 7.07 (1H, ddd, 3 JHF = 11.0 Hz, 3 JHH = 8.2 Hz,
169 Chapter Six 4 JHH = 1.2 Hz, ArH-3), 7.14 (1H, td, 3 JHH = 78 Hz, 4 JHH = 1.2 Hz, ArH-5), 7.46 (1H, dddd, 3 JHH = 8.6 Hz, 3 JHH = 7.4 Hz, 4 JHF = 5.1 Hz, 4 JHH = 2.0 Hz, ArH-4), 7.90 (1H, td, 3 JHH = 7.4 Hz, 4 JHH = 2.0 Hz, ArH-6); δC 61.4 (CHCH2), 63.9 (OCH2), 75.5 (OCH2CH), 110.7 (CHCH2), 117.0 (d, 2 JCF = 22.1 Hz, ArCH-3), 118.2 (d, 2 JCF = 9.1 Hz, ArC-1), 124.1 (d, 4 JCF = 3.0 Hz, ArCH-5), 132.3 (ArCH-6), 134.8 (d, 3 JCF = 9.1 Hz, ArCH-4), 162.0 (d, 1 JCF = 260.6 Hz, ArCF), 163.2 (d, 3 JCF = 3.0 Hz, C=O); δF -108.84 (1F, s, CF). m/z (FAB + ) 635 ([M-Cl] + , 100 %), 670 ([M] + , 22 %). 6.3.8 Preparation <strong>of</strong> ((butenyl-(1,2,3-�)-isoindoline-1,3-dione)bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium fluoride (132) The novel compound was prepared following <strong>the</strong> method outlined by Gouverneur et al. [14] A 50 cm 3 , two-necked round-bottom flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar <strong>and</strong> Rotaflo tap <strong>and</strong> attached to a Schlenk line. After flame-drying under high vacuum, <strong>the</strong> flask was cooled <strong>and</strong> filled with nitrogen. Pd(dba)2 (0.05 g, 0.09 mmol), PPh3 (0.24 g, 0.91 mmol) <strong>and</strong> anhydrous CDCl3 were added to <strong>the</strong> reaction flask in a dry box. Subsequently, <strong>the</strong> flask was reattached to <strong>the</strong> Schlenk line, filled with nitrogen <strong>and</strong> charged with 2-(2-fluorobut-3-enyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (0.10 g, 0.46 mmol), after stirring <strong>the</strong> reaction for 1 minute a small aliquot was transferred into an NMR tube. The progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reaction was monitored by 1 H <strong>and</strong> 19 F{ 1 H} NMR (see Table 6.1 <strong>and</strong> Table 6.2) <strong>and</strong> after 1 h electrospray mass spectrometry indicated <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> allylpalladium cationic complex, (ES + ) 830 (M + , 23 %) 568 (M + -PPh3, 100 %). However, starting material had not been fully consumed, hence, <strong>the</strong> reaction mixture was stirred overnight, solvent <strong>the</strong>n removed in vacuo, <strong>and</strong> reaction mixture purified by column chromatography [DCM: hexane (70:30)]. No desired product was isolated but an elimination product; 2-(buta-1,3- dienyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (133), had also formed <strong>and</strong> was isolated as a yellow solid (45 mg, 50 %).
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Synthesis and Comparison of the Rea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I would l
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2.2.2.1.1 Synthesis of 1-(Benzyloxy
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6.2.12 Preparation of 2-(4-trimethy
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6.4.12 Experimental Data for Dimeth
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AgF ap Bn Bz CsF d DAST dba DCM DME
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Chapter one
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2 Chapter One potentially explosive
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4 Chapter One ortho-biphenyl trifla
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6 Chapter One 2,10 (3,3-dichlorocam
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8 Chapter One both enantiomers were
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10 Chapter One poor to moderate ena
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Scheme 1.10 Fluorination of (17) 12
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14 Chapter One fluorine donors, Lew
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1.3 Enantioselective Nucleophilic F
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Scheme 1.16 Fluorination of (32) 18
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20 Chapter One (iii) SN2’ type su
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22 Chapter One cytotoxicity in the
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24 Chapter One Manabe and Ishikawa
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Scheme 1.25 Synthesis of (41)-(44)
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Figure 1.12 �-fluorinated NSAIDs
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1.6 Thesis Outline 30 Chapter One T
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32 Chapter One [26] M. Abdul-Ghani,
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[79] M. Schlosser, D. Michael, Z.-W
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2.1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of All
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37 Chapter Two In dehydroxyfluorina
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Scheme 2.6 Fluorination with IF5/Et
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41 Chapter Two desired allylic fluo
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43 Chapter Two c) Formation of a su
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Scheme 2.14 Reaction of cis-3-methy
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Substrate (60) (61) (62) (63) R = O
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Alcohol Product Yield (%) Table 2.7
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51 Chapter Two completion. This ena
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53 Chapter Two Chapter Three. Follo
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55 Chapter Two Two allyl alcohols w
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57 Chapter Two The conversion of (8
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Starting substrate (88) (89) (90) (
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Starting substrate (99) (76) (77) (
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63 Chapter Two Both (105) and (104)
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Scheme 2.25 Mechanistic pathway for
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2.3 Conclusions 67 Chapter Two The
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[28] D. F. Taber, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Chapter THRee
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72 Chapter Three Kurosawa reacted a
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74 Chapter Three These results demo
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76 Chapter Three More recently, wor
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3.2 Results and Discussion 3.2.1 Re
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80 Chapter Three Starting substrate
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82 Chapter Three Figure 3.4 Crystal
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Scheme 3.12 Oxidative addition of 1
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86 Chapter Three when the reaction
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88 Chapter Three Therefore, from th
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-140 -140 -140 -140 -140 -150 -150
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92 Chapter Three monitored for 80 m
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3.4 References [1] W. T. Dent, R. L
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Chapter Four
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97 Chapter Four nucleophilic substi
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99 Chapter Four Further reactions w
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Figure 4.3 Structure of co-product
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4.2.2 Reactions of palladium cation
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105 Chapter Four substituents on th
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107 Chapter Four The desired produc
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109 Chapter Four The reaction of (1
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111 Chapter Four were both reacted
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[28] D. Landini, A. Maia, A. Rampol
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5.1 Introduction 5 Synthesis and Re
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116 Chapter Five The first enantios
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A14 Conferences Attended RSC Organi