Advisory Committee on Pesticides Annual Report 2001

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Section F: Other items considered during the year Changes in the weight of registered disinfectants used were largely the result of an 86 percent reduction in the use of sodium hypochlorite and a 75 percent reduction in the use of formaldehyde. The use of the biological control agent Steinernema feltiae had fallen by 10 percent since the previous survey, being recorded on a total of 28 hectares of growing area. Report 172: Orchards and fruit stores in Great Britain 2000 This report presented information concerning all aspects of pesticide usage on orchard crops in Great Britain during the 2000 fruiting season. Information was obtained from visits to 256 holdings, which represented 33 percent of the total area of commercial orchards grown. Data were collected on the area of pesticide treatments and the amount of active substances applied and these had been extrapolated to give estimates of national pesticide usage. There had been a continual decrease in the area of orchard crops grown over the last nine years, with the present area being 21 percent less than that grown in 1992 and eight percent less than the last survey in 1996. With the exception of cider apples and perry pears, all crops surveyed showed reductions in the area grown since 1996, with a 29 percent drop in cherries, 26 percent in other culinary apples, 23 percent in Cox’s apples and plums, 21 percent in pears, five percent in Bramley apples, two percent in other top fruit (including nuts) and one percent in other dessert apples. Only cider apples and perry pears showed an increase, the area grown being 23 percent more than in 1996, and 42 percent greater than in 1992. 69 Both the total spray area and the weight of pesticides applied had decreased considerably since 1992. This trend was reflected in every major pesticide group except for sulphur and growth regulators, with an overall reduction in area treated of 16 percent since 1992. This trend had continued between 1996 and the current survey where overall pesticide usage had fallen by five percent, with only fungicides, sulphur and growth regulators increasing in use. The weight of active substances applied, had declined by 19 percent between 1996 and 2000 and by 21 percent since 1992. With long-season perennial crops it is essential to protect growth throughout the growing season in order to ensure the production of high-quality fruit. This results in the majority of crops receiving some degree of treatment. For example in 2000, Cox’s dessert apple crops received on average, including repeat applications, a total of 18 pesticide sprays, 35 products and 38 active substances. In contrast, over 60 percent of other top fruit (incl. nuts); almost
<strong>Advisory</strong> <strong>Committee</strong> on Pesticides Annual Report 2001 one-third, 32 percent, of cider apples and perry pears; 22 percent of plums; and seven percent of cherries received no pesticides. Fungicides and pruning paints accounted for 60 percent of the total pesticidetreated area of orchard crops grown in Great Britain in 2000, insecticides 12 percent, herbicides 11 percent, growth regulators ten percent, sulphur two percent, urea two percent, acaricides one percent and acaricide/insecticides, biological control agents, tar oil/acids, all less than one percent each. In contrast, fungicides and pruning paints accounted for 50 percent of the total weight of pesticide active substances applied, herbicides 12 percent, sulphur 12 percent, insecticides ten percent, tar oil/acids ten percent, urea five percent and growth regulators one percent. 70 The principal fungicide formulations were captan (20 percent), myclobutanil (14 percent), dithianon (13 percent), penconazole (nine percent), pyrifenox (six percent) and bupirimate (six percent). By weight applied, however, while captan was still the most extensively used formulation, it accounted for 47 percent of all fungicide use, while dithianon comprised 15 percent, captan/penconazole ten percent, dodine eight percent and mancozeb seven percent. The organophosphates were the most extensively used insecticides, accounting for 60 percent of the insecticide-treated area, followed by the carbamates, 16 percent, ‘other insecticides’, mainly the juvenile hormone analogue fenoxycarb, 15 percent, pyrethroids, six percent and the benzoylureas, two percent. Five formulations accounted for approximately 90 percent of the total insecticide-treated area of all orchard crops: chlorpyrifos 54 percent; fenoxycarb 15 percent; pirimicarb 12 percent; cypermethrin five percent and carbaryl four percent, which was also used specifically as a fruit thinning agent on apples (see growth regulators). Chlorpyrifos accounted for 69 percent of the total weight of insecticides applied and carbaryl, used on four percent of the total insecticide area, accounted for a further 11 percent. The most extensively used herbicide formulations were glyphosate, accounting for 28 percent of the area treated, simazine, 14 percent, glufosinateammonium, nine percent, 2,4-D/dichlorprop/MCPA/mecoprop, eight percent and amitrole, seven percent. In terms of weight applied, glyphosate accounted for 30 percent of the total, simazine 14 percent, 2,4-D/dichlorprop/MCPA/ mecoprop, ten percent, amitrole, eight percent, and dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop, eight percent.
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Advisory Committee on Pesticides Annual Report 2001

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