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lack of capital. The local farmer organizations lack very basic facilities like storage and transport. Due to these reasons they are mostly confined their activities within the Jaffna district. This situation has given provision to the private hands and middlemen to exploit the red onion market in Jaffna peninsula. To overcome this the farmer organization or cooperatives has to be strengthen. Conclusions and Recommendations ‘Knowing the market price’ and ‘investment in future’ are encouraging the market participation of the farmer. In contrast ‘last year investment’ and ‘Member in a producer group’ are discouraging red onion producers to participate in the market. From this the research concludes that the availability of market information vastly deciding the choice of the marketing channels. Hence it is important to both government and non government sectors to take effort in disseminating the market information to the red onion farmers is expected to increase the farmers share via choosing a most profitable channel. Moreover if any of the non profiteering organization could come forward to perform the transport function on behalf of the farmers is expected to increase the farmers share tremendously. Organizing the red onion farmer societies or organizations is expected to increase the bargaining power collectively on behalf of the individual farmers. This will intern expect to help the farmers to choose the most suitable and profitable marketing channel. REFERENCE Boger, S. (2001), Quality and contractual choice: a transaction cost approach to the Polish hog market, European Review of Agricultural Economics 28: 241-261. Gow, H.R., & Swinnen, J.F.M. (1998), Up- and down-stream restructuring, foreign direct investment and hold-ups in agricultural transition, European Review of Agricultural Economics 24: 331-350. King, R. P. (1992), Management and Financing of Vertical Coordination: An Overview, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74 (5) (December): 1217-1218. Den Ouden, M., Dijkhuizen, A.A., Huirne, R.B.M., & Zuurbier, P.J. P. (1996), Vertical Cooperation in Agricultural Production-Marketing Chains, with Special Reference to Product Differentiation in Pork. Agribusiness, 12 (3) 277-290. Peterson, H.C. & Wysocki, A. (1997), The Vertical Coordination Continuum and the Determinants of Firm-Level Coordination Strategy, Michigan State University Staff Paper No. 97-64, 1997. Poole, N.D., Del Campo Gomis, F.J., Igual, J.F.J. and Giménez, F.V. (1998), Formal contracts in fresh produce markets. Food Policy, 23, 131-142. Weleschuk, I.T. and Kerr, W.A. (1995), The Sharing of Risks and Returns in Prairie Special Crops: A Transaction Cost Approach, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 43: 237-258. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) and Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFEPD), 2000, Plan for Modernization of Agriculture: Eradicating Poverty in Uganda. Final draft, April 2000, Government of the Republic of Uganda, 32-40. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 06, April-2013 Page 50
Rural Infrastructural Development through Rural Roads: with special reference to Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) R. Sampath, Assistant Professor, Economics Wing, DDE, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar. D. Murugan Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar. 1. Introduction and Background Rural roads are the basic infrastructure requirement and play a vital role in socio-economic upliftment of rural community. They contribute significantly in rural development by creating opportunities to access goods and services located in nearby villages or major town/market centers. Provision of rural roads increases mobility of men and materials thus facilitating economic growth. These, in turn, assist in reducing poverty and leads over all social development. Several studies have already established that there exist a strong relationship between rural roads and socio-economic development. Hine (1982) reviewed several impact studies conducted in about 16 countries. Most of these case studies considered are optimistic about the relationship between road investment and agricultural development. In India, even during the ’80s, studies on socio-economic aspects of rural roads were conducted in selected nine districts under the aegis of Indian Roads Congress. The objective of these studies was to find out and quantify the possible impact of roads on socio-economic development in rural areas. CRRI (1987) carried out the compilation and analysis of the data for the nine districts, to quantify the aggregate impacts. Some of the findings are: (a) increase in agricultural production due to road facility, (b) increase in fertilizer consumption,(c) increase in non-agricultural activities, and (d) better utilization of existing facilities like, school, health, banks and post offices. Similarly, a socio-economic survey conducted in a remote area in India by CRRI in 1989, showed that the villages located on the main road are comparatively well developed than those away from the road. The rural transport study carried out (NCAER and IIMB,1989) for two different periods in 1979 and 1989 revealed that after the development of rural roads, there was a change in transport modes in rural areas and also an increase in economic activities. The economic analysis of rural roads carried out for selected rural road projects original i.e. unpaved roads. The economic analysis carried out for rural access project (World Bank, 1999) in Bhutan has shown significant transport cost saving. The mule transport costs are as high as 6 times of truck transport cost. The net agricultural benefits , educational benefits and health benefits were calculated and added in the benefit the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) in Rajasthan. The benefits are estimated by taking net incremental agricultural production value, net agricultural transport cost savings and non-agricultural vehicle operating cost savings. The overall average IRR for the selected 21 road projects was found to be 15.64 per cent. In addition, this study results also showed positive relationship between the road improvement interventions with socio-economic Parameters. In rural infrastructural development rural roads connectivity is one of the key components. It promotes access to economic and social services and thereby generating increased agricultural income and productive employment opportunities in rural India as well as ensures sustainable poverty reduction. The Ministry of Rural Development (MORD) is involved with the task of reducing poverty and bringing about rapid sustainable development and socio-economic transformation in rural India. To enable the process of developing rural India, various schemes are being implemented across the districts of the country. As a part of this, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched to increase rural road connectivity with a view to promote greater access to economic and social services and thereby, generating increased economic and social opportunities in rural India. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 06, April-2013 Page 51
Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents Articles PERFORMA
Page 4 and 5: servicing, and the policies not mee
Page 6 and 7: The Self-Help Group members get inc
Page 8 and 9: Are female workers more productive
Page 10 and 11: For the purpose of including explan
Page 12 and 13: several different, competing logist
Page 14 and 15: Fisher, R.T. (2001), “Role stress
Page 16 and 17: A Comparative Study of NPA of State
Page 18 and 19: processes. Instead of fixing target
Page 20 and 21: Agriculture Crisis and Sustainable
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. World Cereal production ,
Page 24 and 25: Expanding biofuel production The ex
Page 26 and 27: percent of the world’s population
Page 28 and 29: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-
Page 30 and 31: It can provide the earnings needed
Page 32 and 33: The incubator will also work toward
Page 34 and 35: factor. This is not an easy proposi
Page 36 and 37: ROLE OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT IN LE
Page 38 and 39: During the last season red onion fa
Page 40 and 41: Table Mch2 Coef. Std. Err Z P>/Z/ A
Page 44 and 45: It may be seen that alleviation of
Page 46 and 47: Table - 2 Progress under Bharat Nir
Page 48 and 49: References Chandrasekhar, B P., et
Page 50 and 51: existing cooperative legislation, r
Page 52 and 53: 1.3 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What
Page 54 and 55: Table 2: Earnings and Cost Allocati
Page 56 and 57: have an adequate amount of capital
Page 58 and 59: programs and the union was doing on
Page 60 and 61: total assets to other key areas, it
Page 62 and 63: esponded by (7.6%) of the members.
Page 64 and 65: management; Gohe cooperatives savin
Page 66 and 67: Significance of asset quality of St
Page 68 and 69: iii) iv) Doubtful Assets:- a) Doubt
Page 70 and 71: atios and solvency ratios are taken
Page 72 and 73: Ratio of around 3% during 2007-08,
Page 74 and 75: sufficient to draw an inference in
Page 76 and 77: The observed R 2 and F statistics m
Page 78 and 79: Board Composition, Ownership Struct
Page 80 and 81: size as well. During our study it w
Page 82 and 83: standards prevailing in the country
Page 84 and 85: The procedure produces two tests of
Page 86 and 87: hoc test for pair wise comparisons
Page 88 and 89: e said that the board size affects
Page 90 and 91: high-tech small and medium-sized en
Page 92 and 93:
Table no.8 - Multiple Comparisons T
Page 94 and 95:
Abstract Corporate Social Responsib
Page 96 and 97:
the participation of various level
Page 98 and 99:
Supplier Relations As stakeholders
Page 100 and 101:
CSR initiatives of companies should
Page 102 and 103:
Corporate Social Responsibility Pra
Page 104 and 105:
2011, this district received surplu
Page 106 and 107:
In the case of marginal farmers and
Page 108 and 109:
Findings From the above analysis it
Page 110 and 111:
2. Innovation: Meaning and Dimensio
Page 112 and 113:
data appropriately. Inferences were
Page 114 and 115:
The regression analyses as shown in
Page 116 and 117:
Role of Self-help Group in Socio-ec
Page 118 and 119:
10% for women and men respectively
Page 120 and 121:
MoRD has been constantly reviewing
Page 122 and 123:
76.6% units were found to be existi
Page 124 and 125:
10.Timely release of adequate loans
Page 126 and 127:
Standard of living of Rural Fisher
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1 denotes the infrastructure
Page 130 and 131:
FISHING METHODS USED BY DIFFERENT A
Page 132 and 133:
CONCLUSION Most of the fisher folk
Page 134 and 135:
Objectives: The following objective
Page 136 and 137:
Policies of the Government will hav
Page 138 and 139:
Wastage Schedule (Onion) Sl.No. Pri
Page 140 and 141:
At the end of 2008 the entire world
Page 142:
Conclusion: 9. The inflation can be
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