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Are female workers more productive than male workers? An empirical study in Bangladesh Masoom Ahmed, PhD Candidate, Glyndwr University, UK Fazluz Zaman, Lecturer, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Munshi Samaduzzaman, Assistant Professor, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) ABSTRACT Job satisfaction is one of the most heavily researched employee attitudes over the last 50 years. Pleasing employees by appealing to their intrinsic and extrinsic needs is essential for obtaining maximum contribution of employees towards organisational objectives. To investigate gender differences on job satisfaction and are female workers are more productive than male worker, we have distributed 450 questionnaires among the respondents, 256 were returned, which shows a response rate of 56.7%. Data analysis tests were carried out by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 20.0 version for Windows. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to find answers for the research questions. The findings of the Logit models indicate that female were significantly more satisfied than men and female workers performance is better than male worker. Key Words. Gender, job satisfaction, performance. INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction is one of the most heavily researched employee attitudes over the last 50 years (Rayton, 2006). Locke (1976, p. 1300) defined it as “a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal of one’s job or job experiences”. It is an effective response to specific aspects of the job and plays a role in enhancing employee commitment to an organisation. Studies have shown that employee absenteeism, turnover and other behaviours are related to a person’s satisfaction with his or her job and the organisation (Vroom, 1964). Several theories have been used by researchers to explain the concept of job satisfaction. These theories fall in two groups, namely process and content theories. Content theories attempt to identify the factors which contribute to job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. These theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1954), Herzberg’s ‘two factor theory’ (1959) and McGregor’s ‘Theory X and Y’ (1960). On the other hand, process theories attempt to describe the interaction among variables in their relationship to job satisfaction. These theories include equity theory, expectancy theory and goal setting theory among others. Studies have shown that job satisfaction is a multidimensional construct consisting of intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction (Volkwein and Zhou, 2003). Intrinsic aspects of the job comprise ‘motivators’ or ‘job content’ factors such as feelings of accomplishment, recognition, autonomy, achievement, advancement among others. Extrinsic aspects of the job, often referred to as ‘hygiene’ factors are job context factors which include pay, security, physical working conditions, company policies and administration, supervision, hours of work, union relations with management among others. Herzberg found that hygiene factors were mainly disruptions in the external work context while motivators dealt with internal states of the mind (Smerek and Peterson, 2007). Most studies have found that job satisfaction is influenced by an array of personal and job characteristics such as age, gender, tenure, autonomy, teamwork, relationships with co-workers and supervisors, job variety, satisfaction with pay, training among others (Volkwein and Parmley, 2000; Volkwein and Zhou, 2003; Lambert, 2004). Stressful work conditions were found to negatively affect employees’ job satisfaction (Volkwein and Zhou, 2003; Fisher, 2001). Gender has also received a great deal of attention in job satisfaction studies, but again the research is inconclusive. In 1997, Thompson and McNamara reviewed all job satisfaction studies www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 06, April-2013 Page 16
published in the Educational Administration Quarterly over the past six years and showed no significant difference between male and female satisfaction levels. Other studies that have shown no significant difference between gender and job satisfaction levels include Barbash (1976). Smith, et al., (1998) arrived at similar insignificant findings until they compared the gender of the employee to the gender of the employer. They found that women were more significantly more satisfied than men in small companies with female supervision, while males were significantly more satisfied in larger companies with male supervisors. Studies suggesting that gender does affect job satisfaction are available, and data can be found to suggest that either man are more satisfied (Weaver, 1977) or that women are generally more satisfied (Kramen-Kahn & Hansen, 1998). So, this study focused on, first gender differences on job satisfaction and secondly, are female workers are more productive than male workers? METHODOLOGY The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that contribute to job satisfaction among the workers 256 of Bangladesh. In conducting the review of literature, the researcher found there have not been enough studies in Bangladesh related to gender differences and performance. There have been few studies conducted throughout the nation related to retention, attrition, and health. A quantitative method study was conducted to gain an understanding of factors related job to satisfaction among industrial workers of Bangladesh. Questionnaires were conducted to find out a broader understanding of the contributing female and male performance on workplace. Of the 450 questionnaires distributed among the respondents, 256 were returned, which shows a response rate of 56.7%. The sample was applied to represent the population and underlying structure because of examining the reliable correlations and prediction power of factors (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). According to Comery and Lee (1992), a sample size of 50 - 100 is treated as poor, 200 as fair, 300 as good and 500 as very good and 1000 is treated as excellent. Thus, this study covered a fair sample and provided a substantive representation of the total population garments industries. Data analysis tests were carried out by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 20.0 version for Windows. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE LOGIT MODEL Following relevant literature (Field, 2006; Hosmer and Lemeshow, 2000), three steps were implemented in reporting the results of a logistic or Logit model, namely (1) fitting an initial or “unsophisticated” model, (2) estimating a more sophisticated or adjusted model, and lastly (3) evaluating the predicted probabilities of the Logit model. The literature (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 2000; Begg and Lagakos, 1990) also reveals that there are two types of models presented in estimating a logistic regression model – rudimentary and adjusted. A rudimentary, initial or simple model looks at how a single independent affects regression outcomes and ignores potential covariates. The literature (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 2000; Hauck et al., 1991) indicates that it always best practice to start with a simpler model and then move gradually to an adjusted model. This method is known in the literature as a step-wise regression procedure. In addition, the practice of omitting covariates leads to biased estimates of the logistic parameters and decreases the precision of effect estimates (Gail et al., 1984; Lagakos and Schoenfeld, 1984). www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 06, April-2013 Page 17
Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents Articles PERFORMA
Page 4 and 5: servicing, and the policies not mee
Page 6 and 7: The Self-Help Group members get inc
Page 10 and 11: For the purpose of including explan
Page 12 and 13: several different, competing logist
Page 14 and 15: Fisher, R.T. (2001), “Role stress
Page 16 and 17: A Comparative Study of NPA of State
Page 18 and 19: processes. Instead of fixing target
Page 20 and 21: Agriculture Crisis and Sustainable
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. World Cereal production ,
Page 24 and 25: Expanding biofuel production The ex
Page 26 and 27: percent of the world’s population
Page 28 and 29: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-
Page 30 and 31: It can provide the earnings needed
Page 32 and 33: The incubator will also work toward
Page 34 and 35: factor. This is not an easy proposi
Page 36 and 37: ROLE OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT IN LE
Page 38 and 39: During the last season red onion fa
Page 40 and 41: Table Mch2 Coef. Std. Err Z P>/Z/ A
Page 42 and 43: lack of capital. The local farmer o
Page 44 and 45: It may be seen that alleviation of
Page 46 and 47: Table - 2 Progress under Bharat Nir
Page 48 and 49: References Chandrasekhar, B P., et
Page 50 and 51: existing cooperative legislation, r
Page 52 and 53: 1.3 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What
Page 54 and 55: Table 2: Earnings and Cost Allocati
Page 56 and 57: have an adequate amount of capital
Page 58 and 59:
programs and the union was doing on
Page 60 and 61:
total assets to other key areas, it
Page 62 and 63:
esponded by (7.6%) of the members.
Page 64 and 65:
management; Gohe cooperatives savin
Page 66 and 67:
Significance of asset quality of St
Page 68 and 69:
iii) iv) Doubtful Assets:- a) Doubt
Page 70 and 71:
atios and solvency ratios are taken
Page 72 and 73:
Ratio of around 3% during 2007-08,
Page 74 and 75:
sufficient to draw an inference in
Page 76 and 77:
The observed R 2 and F statistics m
Page 78 and 79:
Board Composition, Ownership Struct
Page 80 and 81:
size as well. During our study it w
Page 82 and 83:
standards prevailing in the country
Page 84 and 85:
The procedure produces two tests of
Page 86 and 87:
hoc test for pair wise comparisons
Page 88 and 89:
e said that the board size affects
Page 90 and 91:
high-tech small and medium-sized en
Page 92 and 93:
Table no.8 - Multiple Comparisons T
Page 94 and 95:
Abstract Corporate Social Responsib
Page 96 and 97:
the participation of various level
Page 98 and 99:
Supplier Relations As stakeholders
Page 100 and 101:
CSR initiatives of companies should
Page 102 and 103:
Corporate Social Responsibility Pra
Page 104 and 105:
2011, this district received surplu
Page 106 and 107:
In the case of marginal farmers and
Page 108 and 109:
Findings From the above analysis it
Page 110 and 111:
2. Innovation: Meaning and Dimensio
Page 112 and 113:
data appropriately. Inferences were
Page 114 and 115:
The regression analyses as shown in
Page 116 and 117:
Role of Self-help Group in Socio-ec
Page 118 and 119:
10% for women and men respectively
Page 120 and 121:
MoRD has been constantly reviewing
Page 122 and 123:
76.6% units were found to be existi
Page 124 and 125:
10.Timely release of adequate loans
Page 126 and 127:
Standard of living of Rural Fisher
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1 denotes the infrastructure
Page 130 and 131:
FISHING METHODS USED BY DIFFERENT A
Page 132 and 133:
CONCLUSION Most of the fisher folk
Page 134 and 135:
Objectives: The following objective
Page 136 and 137:
Policies of the Government will hav
Page 138 and 139:
Wastage Schedule (Onion) Sl.No. Pri
Page 140 and 141:
At the end of 2008 the entire world
Page 142:
Conclusion: 9. The inflation can be
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