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Segmenting the Market Geographic: The target customers of the FCY card would predominantly be urbanites and therefore the target regions are the major cities of the country such as: Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan, Bahawalpur, Quetta, Peshawar, Sukkur, Sialkot, and Gujranwala etc. Even from among these, Karachi and Lahore would constitute the bulk of the target market. Demographic: The target consumer would be within the age bracket of around 20-60; this is because anyone who is in the college going age (which is around 20) to anyone who is yet to retire would be a potential customer of the FCY card. Psychographic: High Net Worth individuals with a busy and high class lifestyle full of international travelling would be the main target of the FCY card. Possible Patterns of Target Market Selection Since the product in question is only one, only two patterns are relevant, namely: Single Segment Concentration: When one product is used for targeting a single-segment of the market; for instance, the Wiz-FCY card targeting only people having the particular traits mentioned above. Full Market Coverage: The product targets all market segments. For instance, Wiz-FCY targeting all possible users regardless of their characteristics. P=Product M=Market www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 08, June-2013 Page 42
WTO: Trade and Environment-The two Notions Dr. Kalpana Agrawal Asst.Prof.Prestige Institute of Management and Research,Indore Abstract Trade has grown dramatically in the last decades and has increased widely in scope: it affects more and more other areas of public policy, such as environmental standard setting, environmental protection, agricultural subsidies, or health measures. The general decline in tariff barriers at the national borders has ensured that any given cost-raising standard is becoming relatively more important for international competitiveness. Thus, the WTO increasingly has to deal with non-tariff barriers to trade, such as standards of environmental protection, which often go at the heart of national policy-making. Concern for the environment is now building in to the mandate of WTO, though there is disagreement about the nature of this commitment. At the same time, environmental awareness has increased, and the scientific basis for environmental protection is becoming more solid. Various attempts have been made to co-operate internationally in order to stop environmental degradation. This trend of increased emphasis on environmental policies is relatively recent: with higher income in the industrialized world, demand for environmental goods has increased and channels to lobby have become institutionalized and organised more effectively. Since trade and environment both affect the use of natural resources, they naturally interact - and the two camps have had a long legacy of mutual mistrust. As Fontagné (2001) puts it succinctly, “Trade and environment: the two notions are at the epicenter of the globalization debate”. In recent years, the relationship between international trade and environmental policies has attracted increasing attention. In some ways international policies and instruments on trade and environment have compatible goals, but in others the objectives and effects appeared to conflict. The present paper is an attempt to study the same. The first part of this paper will compile an inventory of the WTO’s environmental provisions and the recent developments in the negotiations as well as in WTO-case law. It will primarily focus on the Marrakech and the Doha Declarations and the workings of the Committee on Trade and Environment. Introduction Today the whole world is witnessing a paradigm shift in the way the businesses have been carried over the years and the way in which they are being designed in the present scenario. After the Second World War, the whole world was divided into two regional blocks, one that was led by the USA and the other which was headed by the then USSR. During the cold war scenario, the trade and business related to the international trade was done with the political interest being given more weightage than the business development plans. The formation of GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) which was formed in the 1948 as a measure to develop the international trade served as a base for integration of the world trade. The countries which were a part of the GATT had several round of negotiations so that more liberal terms and conditions could be evolved for the expansion of the international trade. But the real challenge was witness when the eighth round of the negotiation which was held in the Uruguay in 1986 lasted for about many years and until in 1994, Mr. Authur Dunkel who was the Director of GATT had prepared a draft as there could not be a consensus of the participating countries. On 31 st December 1994, the much debated GATT agreement came to an end and this marked the beginning of new more powerful organization which .was called as the WTO (World Trade Organization) which was formed on 1st January about 148 countries are the members of the WTO. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 08, June-2013 Page 43
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Page 26 and 27: The “dynamic strategy” model is
Page 28 and 29: Importance of technology, innovatio
Page 30 and 31: 4.6 Question: Do you think a consta
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Page 34 and 35: Porter, ME (1980) Competitive Strat
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Page 46 and 47: The basic objective of WTO were: Tr
Page 48 and 49: the application of intellectual pro
Page 50 and 51: Under The US Endangered Species Act
Page 52 and 53: organization is one continued failu
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Page 56 and 57: Public Distribution System and its
Page 58 and 59: Compone nt Tota l Table 2 Service Q
Page 60 and 61: Table 3 Satisfaction of PDS functio
Page 62 and 63: Table 7 Correlation - Adequate Quot
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Page 66 and 67: Fig. 1: Model for Management Educat
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Page 86 and 87: 3.3 Bank-wise NPA in 2011 (Amount i
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