Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y Blight, G.E. (Ed.). 1997. Mechanics of Residual Soils. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Brand, E.W. and Brenner, R.P. (Eds.) 1981. Soft Clay Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Cripps, J.C., Culshaw, M.G., Coulthard, J.M. and Henshaw, S. 1992. Engineering Geology of Weak Rock. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 8, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Deere, D.M. and Miller, R.P. 1966. Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock. Technical Report AFWL-TR-116, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. Farmer, I.W. 1983. Engineering Behaviour of Rocks. Chapman and Hall, London. Fookes, P.G. (Ed.). 1997. Tropical Residual Soils. Geological Society, London. Fookes, P.G. and Parry, R.H.G. (Eds.). 1994. Engineering Characteristics of Arid Soils. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Foster, A., Culshaw, M.G., Cripps, J.C., Moon, C.F. and Little, J. (Eds.). 1991. Quaternary Engineering Geology. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 7, The Geological Society, London. Gidigasu, M.D. 1976. Laterite Soil Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Goodman, R.E. 1993. Engineering Geology: Rock in Engineering Construction. Wiley, New York. Jefferson, I., Murray, E.J., Faragher, E. and Fleming, P.R. (Eds.). 2001. Problematic Soils. Thomas Telford Press, London. Gillott, J.E. 1968. Clay in Engineering Geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Mitchell, J.K. 1988. Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour. Second Edition. Wiley, New York. Santi, P.M. and Shakoor, A. (Eds.). 1997. Characterization of Weak Rock and Weathered Rock Masses. Special Publication No. 9. Association of Engineering Geologists, College Station, Texas. Wilson, R.C.L. (Ed.). 1983. Residual Deposits: Surface Related Weathering Processes and Materials. Special Publication No. 11, Geological Society, London, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Geological Materials used in Construction Keeling, P.S. 1969. The Geology and Mineralogy of Brick Clays. Brick Development Association, Stokeon-Trent, England. Latham, J.-P. (Ed.). 1998. Advances in Aggregates and Armourstone Evaluation. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 13. Geological Society, London. McNally, G. 1998. Soil and Rock Construction Materials. Spon Press, London. Prentice, J.E. 1990. Geology of Construction Materials. Chapman and Hall, London. Reeves, G.M., Sims, I. and Cripps, J.C. (Eds.). 2006. Clay Materials used in Construction. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 21. Geological Society, London. Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T. and Vollbrecht, A. 2003. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Special Publication 205, Geological Society, London. Simpson, J.L. and Horrobin, P.J. 1970. The Weathering and Performance of Building Materials. Medical and Technical Publishing Co., Aylesbury. Smith, M.R. and Collis, L. (Eds.). 2001. Aggregates: Sand, Gravel and Crushed Rock Aggregates. Third Edition. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 9. Geological Society, London. Smith, M.R., (Ed.). 1999. Stone: Building Stone, Rock Fill and Armourstone in Construction. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 16, Geological Society, London. Winkler, E.M. 1973. Stone: Properties, Durability in Man’s Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York. Site Investigation and Engineering Geological Maps Allum, J.A.E. 1966. Photogeology and Regional Mapping. Pergamon, London. Anon. 1999. Code of Practice for Site Investigations. BS 5930. British Standards Institution, London. Barnes, J.W. and Lisle, R.J. 2003. Basic Geological Mapping. Fourth Edition, Wiley, Chichester. Bell, F.G. 1975. Site Investigations in Areas of Mining Subsidence. Newnes-Butterworths, London. Bell, F.G., Culshaw, M.G., Cripps, J.C. and Coffey, R. (Eds.). 1990. Field Instrumentation and Engineering Geology. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 6, Geological Society, London. Butler, B.C.M. and Bell, J.D. 1988. Interpretation of Geological Maps. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow. Carter, M. and Symons, M.W. 1989. Site Investigations and Foundations Explained. Pentech Press, London. Clayton, C.R.I., Simons, N.E. and Matthews, M.C. 1996. Site Investigation: A Handbook for Engineers. Second Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Craig, C. (Ed.). 1996. Advances in Site Investigation Practice. Thomas Telford Press, London. Dearman, W.R. 1991. Engineering Geological Maps. Butterworths-Heinemann, Oxford. 554
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
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Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
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Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
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Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
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Description, Properties and Behavio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
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Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
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Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
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Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
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Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
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Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
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Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
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Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
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Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
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Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
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Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
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Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
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Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
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Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
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Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
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Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
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Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
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Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
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Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
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Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
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Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
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Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
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Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
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Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
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Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
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Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
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Chapter 5 water that drains into li
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Table 5.33. Some physical propertie
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Chapter 5 Evaporites The dry densit
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Chapter 5 suggest that the rock is
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Chapter 6 Geological Materials Used
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Chapter 6 one of the shortcomings o
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Stancliffe Buff Fine to Namurian me
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Chapter 6 drainage and escape of mo
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 Black crust de
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Chapter 6 Limestones show a variati
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Coarse-grained
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Chapter 6 Usually, armourstone is s
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Chapter 6 The crushing strength of
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Chapter 6 the polishing action of t
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Chapter 6 a poor ability to absorb
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Chapter 6 crushing plant. After cru
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Chapter 6 Alluvial cones are found
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Chapter 6 Ball clays and china clay
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Chapter 6 Sulphate minerals in mudr
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Chapter 6 is to be extracted (Bell,
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Chapter 6 clay, or they may be brou
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Chapter 7 Site Investigation The ge
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Chapter 7 factors throughout this s
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Chapter 7 Infrared linescanning is
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Chapter 7 by satellites 800 km out
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Chapter 7 Table 7.2. Types of photo
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Drillhole log.
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Light cable an
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 Wash-boring ri
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 The general-pu
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Section throug
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.8 Rotary percuss
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.11 Double-tube s
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.12 Standard pene
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.13 An electric p
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.15 Shear vane te
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Chapter 7 provide a sufficiently st
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.18 (a) Schematic
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Chapter 7 movements are needed in c
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.22 Borehole incl
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Chapter 7 hemispherical wave front
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Chapter 7 The most common arrangeme
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Chapter 7 Table 7.5. Resistivity of
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.25 Wenner and Sc
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Chapter 7 As a consequence, the met
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.26 Magnetometer
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Chapter 7 north-south distance, the
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Chapter 7 large SPs, whereas shales
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Chapter 7 the foundation conditions
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.29 Geomorphologi
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Chapter 7 purpose, have a larger sc
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Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the engin
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6b Chiefly Widespread in 10-13, 18-
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Table 7.8. Advantages and disadvant
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Chapter 8 Geology, Planning and Dev
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Chapter 8 It therefore is important
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Chapter 8 If there are no mitigatio
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.2 (a) An example
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Chapter 8 to nueés ardentes, the e
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387 Figure 8.3 (a) Preliminary haza
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Chapter 8 An earthquake propagates
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IX Ruinous. General panic. Masonry
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Chapter 8 standing in earthquakes t
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Chapter 8 In earthquake prone areas
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.7 Microseismic z
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.8 Landslide susc
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Chapter 8 concentrated into channel
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Chapter 8 magnitude or greater occu
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Chapter 8 occurs on average once in
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.12 Revetment com
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Chapter 8 Dunes act as barriers, en
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Chapter 8 Artificial replenishment
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.16 A breakwater
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Chapter 8 record of tsunamis is req
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Chapter 8 Movement of sand can bury
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Table 8.3. Objectives and methods o
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Chapter 8 Soil erosion by water is
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Chapter 8 The redistribution and re
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.19 Cellular cons
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Chapter 8 recommended that at dry s
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Chapter 8 Disposal of liquid hazard
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Chapter 8 any heat produced by radi
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Chapter 8 Tailings may also contain
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Chapter 8 The mining method is a ve
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.25 An example of
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Chapter 8 has passed by, the ground
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.27 Earth fissure
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.28 A tension sca
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Chapter 8 sinkholes and produced di
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.30 A survey of d
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.31 The Big Hole,
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Chapter 8 with various previous use
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Chapter 9 Geology and Construction
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Chapter 9 and there is no alternati
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Chapter 9 The ease of drilling in r
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Figure 9.1 Charge Q as a function o
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Table 9.1. Rippability rating chart
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Chapter 9 Table 9.2. Density, bulki
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.6 Dentition and
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.8 Reinforced ear
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Chapter 9 (a) (b) Figure 9.10 (a) S
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Chapter 9 of probe holes that fan o
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Chapter 9 Weathering of rocks leads
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Chapter 9 of the ground. If the str
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Chapter 9 and the dissipation of re
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methane toxic, it also is combustib
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Chapter 9 Bentonite slurry is used
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Chapter 9 some cutters are broken b
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Chapter 9 but occasionally it is us
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Table 9.4. The rock mass rating sys
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Chapter 9 Table 9.5. Guide for the
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491 H Zone containing clay minerals
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493 F Exceptionally high inflow or
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Chapter 9 3. The roughness of the m
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Figure 9.17 (a) Relationship betwee
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.18 Main stages i
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Chapter 9 the rate of inflow under
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Chapter 9 much by topography since
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Chapter 9 Impervious linings consum
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Chapter 9 being seriously curtailed
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Chapter 9 thinness, means that they
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Chapter 9 on the upstream side or a
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Chapter 9 Uplift pressure acts agai
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Chapter 9 Fresh metamorphosed rocks
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Chapter 9 Some solution features ar
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Chapter 9 rock foundations are avai
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Chapter 9 Embankment soils need to
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Chapter 9 and minimizes settlement.
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Chapter 9 non-uniform, and the asso
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Figure 9.24 Luanhe Bridge on the Be
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Page 1082: Chapter 9 sub-base in a geomembrane
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Page 1090: Chapter 9 compressible silts, satur
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Page 1098: Chapter 9 to tensile and compressiv
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Page 1106: Chapter 9 The pressure acting betwe
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Page 1114: Chapter 9 have serious effects on b
Page 1118: Chapter 9 Figure 9.31 Formation of
Page 1122: Suggestions for Further Reading Gen
Page 1126: Suggestions for Further Reading Ree
Page 1132: E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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Page 1172: I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
Page 1176: I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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