Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y (see the following text). On the other hand, resistance to abrasion decreases progressively with increasing content of altered minerals, as does the crushing strength. The combined hardness of the minerals in a rock, together with any degree of fissility, as well as the texture of the rock, also influence its rate of abrasion. The crushing strength is related to porosity and grain size; the higher the porosity and the larger the grain size, the lower the crushing strength. One of the most important parameters of road aggregate is the polished stone value, which influences skid resistance. A skid-resistant surface is one that is able to retain a high degree of roughness while in service. At low speeds, the influence of the roadstone is predominant, whereas at high speeds, the influence of surface tension on skidding mainly depends on aggregate grading and the aggregate–binder relationship. The rate of polish is initially proportional to the volume of the traffic. Straight stretches of road are less subject to polishing than bends, which may polish up to seven times more rapidly. Stones are polished when fine detrital powder is introduced between the tyre and surface. Investigations have shown that detrital powder on a road surface tends to be coarser during wet than dry periods. This suggests that polishing is more significant when the road surface is dry than wet, the coarser detritus tending to roughen the surface of stone chippings. An improvement in skid resistance can be brought about by blending aggregates. The skid resistance value of the blend depends on the proportions of the individual materials composing the mix. Once placed in a road surface, however, the proportions of each component in the blend that are exposed influence the performance. Rocks within the same major petrological group may differ appreciably in their polished stone characteristics. In the case of igneous and contact metamorphic rocks, the principal petrographic feature associated with good resistance to polish is a variation in hardness between the minerals present. In fact, the best resistance to polish occurs in rocks containing a proportion of softer alteration materials. Coarser grain size and the presence of cracks in individual grains also tend to improve resistance to polishing. In the case of sedimentary rocks, the presence of hard grains set in a softer matrix produces a good resistance to polish. Sandstones, greywackes and gritty limestones offer good resistance to polishing, but unfortunately not all of them possess sufficient resistance to crushing and abrasion to render them useful in the wearing course of a road. Purer limestones show a significant tendency to polish. The petrology of an aggregate determines the nature of the surfaces to be coated, the adhesion attainable depending on the affinity between the individual minerals and the binder, as well as the surface texture of the individual aggregate particles. If the adhesion between the aggregate and binder is less than the cohesion of the binder, stripping may occur. Insufficient drying and the non-removal of dust before coating are, however, the principal causes of stripping. Acid igneous rocks generally do not mix well with bitumen as they have 296
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
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Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
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Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
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Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
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Description, Properties and Behavio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
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Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
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Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
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Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
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Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
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Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
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Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
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Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
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Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
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Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
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Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
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Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
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Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
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Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
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Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
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Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
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Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
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Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
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Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
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Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
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Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
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Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
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Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
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Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
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Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
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Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
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Chapter 5 water that drains into li
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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