Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y Figure 5.1 Stress–strain curves for dense and loose sand. proportional to stress at low stress levels, suggesting a large component of elastic distortion. If the stress is reduced, the unloading stress–strain curve indicates that not all the strain is recovered on unloading. The hysteresis loss represents the energy lost in crushing and repositioning of grains. At higher shear stresses, the strains are proportionally greater, indicating greater crushing. The presence of water in the voids of a coarse soil usually does not produce significant changes in the value of the angle of shearing resistance. However, if stresses develop in the pore water, they may bring about changes in the effective stresses between the particles, whereupon the shear strength and the stress–strain relationships may be altered radically. Barton et al. (1993) distinguished between normal sands and those that had undergone a notable degree of diagenetic alteration. They regarded normal sands as those that did not possess any cohesion derived from grain interlock or cementation. Any cohesion possessed by these normal sands was due to the presence of a clay matrix. If such soils do not have a clay fraction, then they are cohesionless. Normal sands grade into diagenetically altered sands. Barton et al. recognized three groups of diagenetically altered sands, namely, locked sands, overlocked sands and slightly cemented sands. Locked sands show no visible bonding and, although trace amounts of cement may be present, their effect on strength is negligible. The cohesion of locked sands is derived from grain overgrowths. Cemented sands possess 212
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Page 398: Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Page 410: Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
Page 414: Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
Page 418: Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
Page 422: Description, Properties and Behavio
Page 426: Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
Page 430: Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
Page 434: Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
Page 438: Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
Page 442: Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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248 Table 5.21. Some properties of
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252 Table 5.22. Rock type classific
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272 Table 5.33. Some physical prope
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274 Table 5.34. Geomechanical prope
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280 Table 6.1. Some properties of B
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282 Table 6.2. Some properties of B
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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