Engineering Geology

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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of acid mine water from a South African coalfield Determinant Sample Sample Sample Sample (mg l -1 , where appropriate) 1 2 3 4 TDS 4844 2968 3202 2490 Suspended solids 33 10.4 12 10.0 EC (mS m -1 ) 471 430 443 377 pH value 1.9 2.4 2.95 2.9 Turbidity as NTU 5.5 0.6 2.0 0.9 Nitrate NO 3 as N 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Chlorides as CI 310 431 406 324 Fluoride as F 0.6 0.5 0.33 0.6 Sulphate as SO 4 3250 1610 1730 1256 Total hardness — 484 411 576 Calcium hardness as CaCO 3 — 285 310 327 Calcium Ca 173.8 114.0 124 131 Magnesium Mg 89.4 48.4 49.5 60.5 Sodium Na 247.0 326.0 311 278 Potassium K 7.3 9.4 8.9 6.4 Iron Fe 248.3 128 140 87 Manganese Mn 17.9 15 9.9 13.4 Aluminium Al — 124 — 112 shallow aquifers have been adversely affected by the intensive use of irrigation water. They noted that there is a tendency for the salinity of the groundwater in the aquifer to increase downstream, the TDS increasing from between 1000 and 3500 mg l -1 to between 3000 and 6000 mg l -1 . Acid mine drainage is produced when natural oxidation of sulphide minerals, notably pyrite, occurs in mine rock or waste that are exposed to air and water (Bullock and Bell, 1995). This is a consequence of the oxidation of sulphur in the mineral concerned to a higher oxidation state, with the formation of sulphuric acid and sulphate, and if aqueous iron is present and unstable, to the precipitation of ferric iron with iron hydroxide. Acid mine drainage, however, does not occur if the sulphide minerals are nonreactive or if the host rock contains sufficient alkaline material to neutralize the acidity. Acid generation can lead to elevated levels of heavy metals and sulphate in the affected water that obviously have a detrimental effect on its quality (Table 4.7). Acid mine drainage from underground mines generally appears at the surface as point discharges (Bell et al., 2002). Acid mine drainage also can develop from surface sources such as mine waste. A major source of acid mine drainage may result from the closure of a mine. 197
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Page 370: Geological mapping frequently forms
Page 374: Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Page 398: Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Page 410: Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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248 Table 5.21. Some properties of
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252 Table 5.22. Rock type classific
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272 Table 5.33. Some physical prope
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274 Table 5.34. Geomechanical prope
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280 Table 6.1. Some properties of B
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282 Table 6.2. Some properties of B
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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