Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y Figure 8.24 A trough-shaped area of subsidence due to failure of pillars at an abandoned mine, Witbank Coalfield, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Even if pillars in old shallow workings are relatively stable, the surface can be affected by void migration. Void migration develops if roof rock falls into the worked-out zones and often represents the main problem in areas of shallow abandoned mines. It can occur within a few months or a very long period of years after mining has ceased. The material involved in the fall bulks, so that migration is eventually arrested, although the bulked material never completely fills the voids (Fig. 8.25). Nevertheless, the process can, at shallow depth, continue upwards to the surface, leading to the sudden appearance of a crown hole. Assessments of mining hazards have usually been on a site basis, regional assessments being much less common. Nonetheless, regional assessments can offer planners an overview of the problems involved and can help them avoid imposing unnecessarily rigorous conditions on developers in areas where they really are not warranted. Hazard maps of areas of old mine workings frequently recognize safe and unsafe zones. The safe zones are commonly defined in terms of the thickness of cover rock, this being regarded as thick enough to preclude subsidence hazards. Unsafe zones are those in which subsidence events may occur. Development is prohibited in zones designated unsafe. Intermediate zones may be recognized between the safe and unsafe zones, where buildings are constructed with reinforced foundations or rafts, as an added precaution against unforeseen problems. 436
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
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Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
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Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
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Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
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Description, Properties and Behavio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
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Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
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Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
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Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
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Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
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Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
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Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
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Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
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Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
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Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
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Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
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Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
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Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
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Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
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Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
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Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
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Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
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Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
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Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
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Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
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Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
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Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
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Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
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Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
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Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
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Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
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Chapter 5 water that drains into li
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Table 5.33. Some physical propertie
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Chapter 5 Evaporites The dry densit
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Chapter 5 suggest that the rock is
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Chapter 6 Geological Materials Used
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Chapter 6 one of the shortcomings o
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Stancliffe Buff Fine to Namurian me
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Chapter 6 drainage and escape of mo
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 Black crust de
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Chapter 6 Limestones show a variati
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Coarse-grained
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Chapter 6 Usually, armourstone is s
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Chapter 6 The crushing strength of
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Chapter 6 the polishing action of t
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Chapter 6 a poor ability to absorb
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Chapter 6 crushing plant. After cru
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Chapter 6 Alluvial cones are found
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Chapter 6 Ball clays and china clay
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Chapter 6 Sulphate minerals in mudr
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Chapter 6 is to be extracted (Bell,
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Chapter 6 clay, or they may be brou
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Chapter 7 Site Investigation The ge
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Chapter 7 factors throughout this s
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Chapter 7 Infrared linescanning is
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Chapter 7 by satellites 800 km out
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Chapter 7 Table 7.2. Types of photo
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Drillhole log.
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Light cable an
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 Wash-boring ri
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 The general-pu
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Section throug
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.8 Rotary percuss
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.11 Double-tube s
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.12 Standard pene
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.13 An electric p
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.15 Shear vane te
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Chapter 7 provide a sufficiently st
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.18 (a) Schematic
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Chapter 7 movements are needed in c
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.22 Borehole incl
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Chapter 7 hemispherical wave front
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Chapter 7 The most common arrangeme
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Chapter 7 Table 7.5. Resistivity of
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.25 Wenner and Sc
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Chapter 7 As a consequence, the met
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.26 Magnetometer
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Chapter 7 north-south distance, the
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Chapter 7 large SPs, whereas shales
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Chapter 7 the foundation conditions
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.29 Geomorphologi
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Chapter 7 purpose, have a larger sc
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Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the engin
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6b Chiefly Widespread in 10-13, 18-
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Table 7.8. Advantages and disadvant
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Chapter 8 Geology, Planning and Dev
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Chapter 8 It therefore is important
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Chapter 8 If there are no mitigatio
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.2 (a) An example
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Chapter 8 to nueés ardentes, the e
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387 Figure 8.3 (a) Preliminary haza
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Chapter 8 An earthquake propagates
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IX Ruinous. General panic. Masonry
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Chapter 8 standing in earthquakes t
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Chapter 8 In earthquake prone areas
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.7 Microseismic z
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.8 Landslide susc
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Chapter 8 concentrated into channel
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Chapter 8 magnitude or greater occu
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Chapter 8 occurs on average once in
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.12 Revetment com
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Chapter 8 Dunes act as barriers, en
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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