Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y and the rate of abstraction must be planned in such a way that conditions permitting pollution cannot be developed. Once an aquifer is developed as a source of water supply, then effective management becomes increasingly necessary if it is not to suffer deterioration. Moreover, management should not merely be concerned with the abstraction of groundwater but also should consider its utilization, since different qualities of water can be put to different uses. Pollution of water supply is most likely to occur when the level of the water table has been so lowered that all the water that goes underground within a catchment area drains quickly and directly to the wells. Such lowering of the water table may cause reversals in drainage, so that water drains from rivers into the groundwater system, rather than the other way around. This river water may be polluted. Artificial Recharge Artificial recharge may be defined as an augmentation of the natural replenishment of groundwater storage by artificial means. Its main purpose is water conservation, often with improved quality as a second aim. For example, soft river water may be used to reduce the hardness of groundwater. Artificial recharge therefore is used for reducing overdraft, for conserving and improving surface run-off and for increasing available groundwater supplies. The suitability of a particular aquifer for artificial recharge must be investigated. For example, it must have adequate storage, and the bulk of the water recharged should not be lost rapidly by discharge into a nearby river. The hydrogeological and groundwater conditions must be amenable to artificial replenishment. An adequate and suitable source of water for recharge must be available. The source of water for artificial recharge may be storm run-off, river or lake water, water used for cooling purposes, industrial waste water or sewage water. Many of these sources require some kind of pre-treatment. Interaction between artificial recharge and groundwater may lead to precipitation, for example, of calcium carbonate and iron and manganese salts, resulting in a lower permeability. Nitrification or denitrification, and possibly even sulphate reduction, may occur during the early stages of infiltration. Bacterial action may lead to the development of sludges that reduce the rate of infiltration. There are several advantages of storing water underground. Firstly, the cost of artificial recharge may be less than the cost of surface reservoirs, and water stored in the ground is not subjected to evapotranspiration. Secondly, the likelihood of pollution is reduced. Thirdly, an aquifer will sometimes act as a distribution system, recharge water moving from one area 190
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Page 354: Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Page 374: Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Page 382: Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
Page 386: Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
Page 390: Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
Page 394: Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
Page 398: Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
Page 404: E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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248 Table 5.21. Some properties of
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252 Table 5.22. Rock type classific
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272 Table 5.33. Some physical prope
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274 Table 5.34. Geomechanical prope
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280 Table 6.1. Some properties of B
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282 Table 6.2. Some properties of B
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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