Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y Bell, F.G. and Lindsay, P. 1999. The petrographic and geomechanical properties of some sandstones from the Newspaper Member of the Natal Group, near Durban, South Africa. Engineering Geology, 52, 57–81. Bell, F.G. and Mason, T.R. 1997. The problems of flooding in Ladysmith, Natal, South Africa. In: Geohazards and Engineering Geology, Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 14, Eddleston, M. and Maund, J.G. (Eds.), Geological Society, London, 3–10. Bell, F.G. and Maud, R.R. 1994. Dispersive soils and earth dams: a South African view. Bulletin Association Engineering Geologists, 31, 433–446. Bell, F.G. and Maud, R.R. 1995. Expansive clays and construction, especially of low-rise structures: a viewpoint from Natal, South Africa. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 1, 41–59. Bell, F.G. and Maud, R.R. 1996. Landslides associated with the Pietermaritzburg Formation in the greater Durban area, South Africa. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 2, 557–573. Bell, F.G. and Maud, R.R. 2000. A groundwater survey of the greater Durban area and environs, Natal, South Africa. Environmental Geology, 39, 925–936. Bell, F.G. and Mitchell, J.K. 1986. Control of groundwater by exclusion. In: Groundwater in Engineering Geology, Engineering Geology Special Publication No 3, Cripps, J.C., Bell, F.G. and Culshaw, M.G. (Eds.). The Geological Society, London, 429–443. Bell, F.G. and Walker, D.J.H. 2000. A further examination of the nature of dispersive soils in Natal, South Africa. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 33, 187–199. Bell, F.G., Bell, A.W., Duane, M.J. and Hytiris, N. 1996. Contaminated land: the British position and some case histories. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 2, 355–368. Bell, F.G., Entwisle, D.C. and Culshaw, M.G. 1997. A geotechnical survey of some British Coal Measures mudstones, with particular emphasis on durability. Engineering Geology, 46, 115–129. Bell, F.G., Culshaw, M.G. and Cripps, J.C. 1999. A review of selected engineering geological characteristics of English chalk, Engineering Geology, 54, 237–269. Bell, F.G., Halbich, T.F.J. and Bullock, S.E.T. 2002. The effects of acid mine drainage from an old mine in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 35, 265–278. Bell, F.G., Sillito, A.J, and Jermy, C.A. 1996. Landfills and associated leachate in the greater Durban area, two case histories. In: Engineering Geology of Waste Disposal, Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 11, Bentley, S.P. (Ed.), Geological Society, London, 15–35. Bell, J.W., Amelung, F., Ramelli, A.R. and Blewitt, G. 2002. Land subsidence in Las Vegas, Nevada, 1935–2000: new geodetic data show evolution, revised spatial patterns, and reduced rates. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 8, 155–174. Berry, P.L. and Poskitt, T.J. 1972. The consolidation of peat. Geotechnique, 22, 27–52. Berry, P.L., Illsley, D. and Mackay, I.R. 1985. Settlement of two housing estates at St. Annes due to consolidation of a near surface peat stratum. Proceedings Institution Civil Engineers, Part 1, 77, 111–136. Bieniawski, Z.T. 1974. Geomechanics classification of rock masses and its application to tunnelling. Proceedings Third Congress International Society of Rock Mechanics, Denver, 1, 27–32. Bieniawski, Z.T. 1989. Engineering Rock Mass Classifications. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Bishop, A.W. 1973. The stability of tips and spoil heaps. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 6, 335–376. Blight, G.E. 1990. Construction in tropical soils. Proceedings Second International Conference on Geomechanics in Tropical Soils, Singapore, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 2, 449–468. Blight, G.E. 1994. The geotechnical behaviour of arid and semi-arid zone soils - South African experience. Proceedings First International Symposium on Engineering Characteristics of Arid Soils, London, Fookes P.G. and Parry, R.H.G. (Eds.), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 221–235. Booth, B. 1979. Assessing volcanic risk. Journal of the Geological Society, 136, 331–340. Bozovic, A., Budanur, H., Nonveiller, E. and Pavlin, B. 1981. The Keban Dam foundation on karstified limestone – a case history. Bulletin International Association Engineering Geology, 24, 45–51. Boyer, B.W. 1997. Sinkholes, soils, fractures and drainage: Interstate 70 near Frederick, Maryland. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 3, 469–485. Brabb, E.E., Pampeyan, E.H. and Bonella, M.G. 1972. Landslide Susceptibility in San Mateo County, California. United States Geolgical Survey, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MP-360. Bray, J.D., Sancio, R.B. and Durgunoglu, T. 2004. Subsurface characterization at ground failure sites in Adapazari, Turkey. Proceedings American Society Civil Engineers, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130, 673–685. 562
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
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Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
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Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
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Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
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Description, Properties and Behavio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
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Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
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Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
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Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
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Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
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Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
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Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
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Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
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Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
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Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
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Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
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Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
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Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
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Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
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Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
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Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
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Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
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Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
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Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
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Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
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Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
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Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
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Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
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Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
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Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
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Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
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Chapter 5 water that drains into li
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Table 5.33. Some physical propertie
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Chapter 5 Evaporites The dry densit
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Chapter 5 suggest that the rock is
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Chapter 6 Geological Materials Used
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Chapter 6 one of the shortcomings o
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Stancliffe Buff Fine to Namurian me
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Chapter 6 drainage and escape of mo
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 Black crust de
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Chapter 6 Limestones show a variati
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Coarse-grained
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Chapter 6 Usually, armourstone is s
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Chapter 6 The crushing strength of
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Chapter 6 the polishing action of t
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Chapter 6 a poor ability to absorb
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Chapter 6 crushing plant. After cru
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Chapter 6 Alluvial cones are found
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Chapter 6 Ball clays and china clay
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Chapter 6 Sulphate minerals in mudr
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Chapter 6 is to be extracted (Bell,
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Chapter 6 clay, or they may be brou
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Chapter 7 Site Investigation The ge
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Chapter 7 factors throughout this s
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Chapter 7 Infrared linescanning is
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Chapter 7 by satellites 800 km out
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Chapter 7 Table 7.2. Types of photo
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Drillhole log.
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Light cable an
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 Wash-boring ri
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 The general-pu
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Section throug
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.8 Rotary percuss
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.11 Double-tube s
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.12 Standard pene
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.13 An electric p
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.15 Shear vane te
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Chapter 7 provide a sufficiently st
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.18 (a) Schematic
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Chapter 7 movements are needed in c
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.22 Borehole incl
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Chapter 7 hemispherical wave front
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Chapter 7 The most common arrangeme
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Chapter 7 Table 7.5. Resistivity of
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.25 Wenner and Sc
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Chapter 7 As a consequence, the met
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.26 Magnetometer
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Chapter 7 north-south distance, the
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Chapter 7 large SPs, whereas shales
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Chapter 7 the foundation conditions
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.29 Geomorphologi
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Chapter 7 purpose, have a larger sc
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Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the engin
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6b Chiefly Widespread in 10-13, 18-
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Table 7.8. Advantages and disadvant
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Chapter 8 Geology, Planning and Dev
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Chapter 8 It therefore is important
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Chapter 8 If there are no mitigatio
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.2 (a) An example
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Chapter 8 to nueés ardentes, the e
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387 Figure 8.3 (a) Preliminary haza
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Chapter 8 An earthquake propagates
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IX Ruinous. General panic. Masonry
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Chapter 8 standing in earthquakes t
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Chapter 8 In earthquake prone areas
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.7 Microseismic z
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.8 Landslide susc
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Chapter 8 concentrated into channel
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Chapter 8 magnitude or greater occu
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Chapter 8 occurs on average once in
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.12 Revetment com
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Chapter 8 Dunes act as barriers, en
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Chapter 8 Artificial replenishment
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.16 A breakwater
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Chapter 8 record of tsunamis is req
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Chapter 8 Movement of sand can bury
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Table 8.3. Objectives and methods o
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Chapter 8 Soil erosion by water is
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Chapter 8 The redistribution and re
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.19 Cellular cons
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Chapter 8 recommended that at dry s
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Chapter 8 Disposal of liquid hazard
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Chapter 8 any heat produced by radi
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Chapter 8 Tailings may also contain
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Chapter 8 The mining method is a ve
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.25 An example of
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Chapter 8 has passed by, the ground
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.27 Earth fissure
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.28 A tension sca
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Chapter 8 sinkholes and produced di
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.30 A survey of d
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.31 The Big Hole,
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Chapter 8 with various previous use
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Chapter 9 Geology and Construction
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Chapter 9 and there is no alternati
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Chapter 9 The ease of drilling in r
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Figure 9.1 Charge Q as a function o
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Table 9.1. Rippability rating chart
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Chapter 9 Table 9.2. Density, bulki
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.6 Dentition and
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.8 Reinforced ear
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Chapter 9 (a) (b) Figure 9.10 (a) S
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Chapter 9 of probe holes that fan o
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Chapter 9 Weathering of rocks leads
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Chapter 9 of the ground. If the str
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Chapter 9 and the dissipation of re
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methane toxic, it also is combustib
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Chapter 9 Bentonite slurry is used
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Chapter 9 some cutters are broken b
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Chapter 9 but occasionally it is us
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Table 9.4. The rock mass rating sys
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Chapter 9 Table 9.5. Guide for the
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491 H Zone containing clay minerals
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493 F Exceptionally high inflow or
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Chapter 9 3. The roughness of the m
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Figure 9.17 (a) Relationship betwee
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.18 Main stages i
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Chapter 9 the rate of inflow under
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Chapter 9 much by topography since
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Chapter 9 Impervious linings consum
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Chapter 9 being seriously curtailed
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Chapter 9 thinness, means that they
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Chapter 9 on the upstream side or a
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Chapter 9 Uplift pressure acts agai
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Chapter 9 Fresh metamorphosed rocks
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Chapter 9 Some solution features ar
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Chapter 9 rock foundations are avai
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Chapter 9 Embankment soils need to
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Chapter 9 and minimizes settlement.
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Chapter 9 non-uniform, and the asso
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Figure 9.24 Luanhe Bridge on the Be
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Chapter 9 Figure 9.26 Lime stabiliz
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Chapter 9 sub-base in a geomembrane
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533 Poorly graded sands; Pneumatic-
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Chapter 9 compressible silts, satur
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Page 1114: Chapter 9 have serious effects on b
Page 1118: Chapter 9 Figure 9.31 Formation of
Page 1122: Suggestions for Further Reading Gen
Page 1126: Suggestions for Further Reading Ree
Page 1130: Suggestions for Further Reading Dem
Page 1134: Suggestions for Further Reading Chu
Page 1138: References Acworth, R.I. 2001. Phys
Page 1142: References Bell, F.G. 1988c. Land d
Page 1148: E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
Page 1172: I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
Page 1176: I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
Page 1180: I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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