Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y width around the mouths of rivers. The effects of any likely changes in sea level also must be taken into account (Clayton, 1990). The data collected can be used to plan a system of coastal defences that also should incorporate a scheme of coastal management (French, 2001). The groyne is the most important structure used to stabilize or increase the width of the beach by arresting longshore drift (Fig. 8.14). Consequently, they are constructed at right angles to the shore. Groynes should be approximately 50% longer than the beach on which they are erected. Standard types usually slope at about the same angle as the beach. Permeable groynes have openings that increase in size seawards and thereby allow some drift material to pass through them. The common spacing rule for groynes is to arrange them at intervals of one to three groyne lengths. The selection of the type of groyne and its spacing depends on the direction and strength of the prevailing or storm waves, the amount and direction of longshore drift and the relative exposure of the shore. With abundant longshore drift and relatively mild storm conditions, almost any type of groyne appears satisfactory, whilst when the longshore drift is lean, the choice is much more difficult. Groynes, however, reduce the amount of material passing downdrift and can therefore prove detrimental to those areas of the coastline. Their effect on the whole coastal system therefore should be considered. Figure 8.14 Groynes at Eastbourne, south coast of England. 410
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
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Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
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Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
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Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
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Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
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Description, Properties and Behavio
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
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Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
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Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
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Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
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Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
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Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
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Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
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Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
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Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
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Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
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Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
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Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
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Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
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Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
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Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
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Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
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Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
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Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
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Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
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Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
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Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
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Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
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Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
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Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
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Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
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Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
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Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
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Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
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Chapter 5 water that drains into li
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Table 5.33. Some physical propertie
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Chapter 5 Evaporites The dry densit
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Chapter 5 suggest that the rock is
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Chapter 6 Geological Materials Used
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Chapter 6 one of the shortcomings o
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Stancliffe Buff Fine to Namurian me
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Chapter 6 drainage and escape of mo
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 Black crust de
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Chapter 6 Limestones show a variati
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Coarse-grained
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Chapter 6 Usually, armourstone is s
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Chapter 6 The crushing strength of
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Chapter 6 the polishing action of t
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Chapter 6 a poor ability to absorb
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Chapter 6 crushing plant. After cru
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Chapter 6 Alluvial cones are found
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Chapter 6 Ball clays and china clay
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Chapter 6 Sulphate minerals in mudr
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Chapter 6 is to be extracted (Bell,
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Chapter 6 clay, or they may be brou
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Chapter 7 Site Investigation The ge
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Chapter 7 factors throughout this s
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Chapter 7 Infrared linescanning is
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Chapter 7 by satellites 800 km out
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Chapter 7 Table 7.2. Types of photo
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Drillhole log.
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Light cable an
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 Wash-boring ri
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 The general-pu
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Section throug
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.8 Rotary percuss
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.11 Double-tube s
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.12 Standard pene
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.13 An electric p
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.15 Shear vane te
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Chapter 7 provide a sufficiently st
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.18 (a) Schematic
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Chapter 7 movements are needed in c
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.22 Borehole incl
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Chapter 7 hemispherical wave front
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Chapter 7 The most common arrangeme
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Chapter 7 Table 7.5. Resistivity of
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.25 Wenner and Sc
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Chapter 7 As a consequence, the met
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.26 Magnetometer
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Chapter 7 north-south distance, the
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Chapter 7 large SPs, whereas shales
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Chapter 7 the foundation conditions
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Chapter 7 Figure 7.29 Geomorphologi
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Chapter 7 purpose, have a larger sc
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Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the engin
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6b Chiefly Widespread in 10-13, 18-
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Table 7.8. Advantages and disadvant
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Chapter 8 Geology, Planning and Dev
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Chapter 8 It therefore is important
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Chapter 8 If there are no mitigatio
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Chapter 8 Figure 8.2 (a) An example
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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