Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y On this chart, the plasticity index is plotted against liquid limit. The A line is taken as the boundary between organic and inorganic soils, the latter lying above the line. Each of the main soil types and subgroups are given a letter, a pair of which are combined in the group symbol, the former being the prefix, the latter the suffix. Subsequently, the Unified Soil Classification system was developed from the Casagrande system. According to Anon (1999), a full description of a soil should provide data on its particle size, plasticity, particle characteristics and colour, as well as its bedding, discontinuities and strength. Anon divides soils into coarse and fine types. Coarse soils are gravels and sands, and fine soils are silts and clays. Boulders, cobbles, gravels, sands, silts and clays are distinguished as individual groups on the basis of their particle size distribution (Table 5.3a). Gravel, sand and silt have been subdivided into coarse-, medium- and fine-grained subgroups, and fine soils have been subdivided on the basis of plasticity. Coarse soils are described as well graded or poorly graded. Two further types of poorly graded coarse soils are recognized, namely, uniformly graded and gap graded (Fig. 1.18). Silts and clays are subdivided according to their liquid limits (Table 5.3b). Most soils consist of more than one grade size type. If boulders and cobbles are present in composite soil types, then they are removed before an attempt is made at classification, their proportions being recorded separately. Their presence should be recorded in the soil description. Very coarse deposits should be described as boulders if over half of the very coarse material is of boulder size. They may be described as cobbly boulders if cobbles are an Table 5.3a. Particle size distribution of soils Types of material Sizes (mm) Boulders Over 200 Cobbles 60–200 Coarse 20–60 Gravel Medium 6–20 Fine 2–6 Coarse 0.6–2 Sand Medium 0.2–0.6 Fine 0.06–0.2 Coarse 0.02–0.06 Silt Medium 0.006–0.02 Fine 0.002–0.006 Clay Less than 0.002 206
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
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Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
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Page 398: Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
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Page 410: Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
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Page 418: Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
Page 422: Description, Properties and Behavio
Page 426: Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
Page 430: Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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248 Table 5.21. Some properties of
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252 Table 5.22. Rock type classific
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272 Table 5.33. Some physical prope
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274 Table 5.34. Geomechanical prope
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280 Table 6.1. Some properties of B
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282 Table 6.2. Some properties of B
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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