Engineering Geology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 9 <strong>Geology</strong> and Construction <strong>Geology</strong> is one of the most important factors in construction since construction takes place either at or below the ground surface. Hence, geology has an influence on most construction operations because it helps determine their nature, form and cost. Open Excavation Open excavation refers to the removal of material, within certain specified limits, for construction purposes. In order to accomplish this economically and without hazard, the character of the rocks and soils involved and their geological setting must be investigated. Indeed, the method of excavation and the rate of progress are influenced very much by the geology on site (Kentli and Topal, 2004). Furthermore, the stability of the sides of an excavation and the position of the water table in relation to the base level of an excavation are of importance, as are any possible effects of construction operations on the surrounding ground and/or buildings (Finno et al., 2005). A Note on Slope Stability The stability of slopes is a critical factor in open excavation. This is particularly the case in cuttings, as for instance, for roads, canals and railways, where slopes should be designed to resist disturbing forces over long periods. In other words, a stability analysis should determine under what conditions a proposed slope will remain stable. For a further note on slope stability, see Chapter 3. Instability in a soil mass occurs when slip surfaces develop and movements are initiated within it. Undesirable properties in a soil, such as low shearing strength, development of fissures and high pore water pressure, tend to encourage instability and are likely to lead to deterioration in slopes. In the case of open excavation, removal of material can give rise to the dissipation of residual stress that can aid instability. There are several methods available for analysis of the stability of slopes in soils (Morgenstern, 1995). Most of these may be classed as limit equilibrium methods, in which the 453
Page 2:
Engineering Geology
Page 6:
Engineering Geology Second Edition
Page 10:
Preface As noted in the Preface to
Page 14:
Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
Page 18:
Contents Field Instrumentation 344
Page 22:
Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
Page 26:
Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
Page 30:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
Page 34:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
Page 38:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
Page 42:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
Page 46:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
Page 50:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
Page 54:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
Page 58:
Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
Page 62:
Chapter 1 and the types of country
Page 66:
Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
Page 70:
Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
Page 74:
Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
Page 78:
Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
Page 82:
Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
Page 86:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
Page 90:
Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
Page 94:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
Page 98:
Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
Page 102:
Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
Page 106:
Table 1.1. The geological timescale
Page 110:
Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
Page 114:
Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
Page 118:
Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
Page 122:
Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
Page 126:
Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
Page 130:
Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
Page 134:
Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
Page 138:
Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
Page 142:
Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
Page 146:
Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
Page 150:
Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
Page 154:
Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
Page 158:
Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
Page 162:
Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
Page 166:
73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
Page 170:
Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
Page 174:
Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
Page 178:
Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
Page 182:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
Page 186:
Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
Page 190:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
Page 194:
Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
Page 198:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
Page 202:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
Page 206:
Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
Page 210:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
Page 214:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
Page 218:
Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
Page 222:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
Page 226:
Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
Page 230:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
Page 234:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
Page 238:
Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
Page 242:
Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
Page 246:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
Page 250:
Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
Page 254:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
Page 258:
Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
Page 262:
Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
Page 266:
Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
Page 270:
Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
Page 274:
Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
Page 278:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
Page 282:
Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
Page 286:
Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
Page 290:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
Page 294:
Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
Page 298:
Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
Page 302:
Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
Page 306:
Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
Page 310:
Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
Page 314:
Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
Page 318:
Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
Page 322:
Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
Page 326:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
Page 330:
Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
Page 334:
Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
Page 338:
Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
Page 342:
Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
Page 346:
Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
Page 350:
Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
Page 354:
Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
Page 358:
Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
Page 362:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
Page 366:
Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
Page 370:
Geological mapping frequently forms
Page 374:
Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
Page 378:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.9 Drillhole pack
Page 382:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
Page 386:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.11 Flow net bene
Page 390:
Chapter 4 in sedimentary rocks. The
Page 394:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 Gravel-packed
Page 398:
Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
Page 402:
Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
Page 406:
Chapter 4 Figure 4.14 An example of
Page 410:
Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
Page 414:
Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
Page 418:
Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
Page 422:
Description, Properties and Behavio
Page 426:
Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
Page 430:
Chapter 5 Table 5.2.—Cont’d. In
Page 434:
Chapter 5 Table 5.3b. Plasticity ac
Page 438:
Chapter 5 Table 5.6. Mixed coarse s
Page 442:
Chapter 5 reduced accordingly, henc
Page 446:
Chapter 5 enough cement to develop
Page 450:
Chapter 5 Figure 5.2 Particle size
Page 454:
Chapter 5 this was indicative of me
Page 458:
Chapter 5 Table 5.12. Particle size
Page 462:
Chapter 5 Table 5.13. USAEWES class
Page 466:
Chapter 5 Table 5.14. Range of comp
Page 470:
Chapter 5 sensitivity, namely, inse
Page 474:
Chapter 5 Table 5.15. Strength of w
Page 478:
Chapter 5 They differ from laterite
Page 482:
Chapter 5 (a) (b) Figure 5.7 (a) Po
Page 486:
Chapter 5 supply of sand, the wind
Page 490:
Chapter 5 Tills and Other Glacially
Page 494:
Chapter 5 Figure 5.11 Variation in
Page 498:
Chapter 5 Table 5.18a. A weathering
Page 502:
Chapter 5 Table 5.19. Some properti
Page 506:
Chapter 5 thick, or as ice wedges.
Page 510:
Chapter 5 Figure 5.14 Increase in c
Page 514:
Chapter 5 Organic Soils: Peat Peat
Page 518:
Chapter 5 when peat possesses high
Page 522:
Chapter 5 and the discontinuities t
Page 526:
Genetic/group Metamorphic Igneous U
Page 530:
Chapter 5 Table 5.25. Grades of unc
Page 534:
Chapter 5 which lavas, pyroclasts a
Page 538:
Chapter 5 preferred orientation. Ge
Page 542:
Chapter 5 Table 5.30. Some geomecha
Page 546:
Table 5.31. Some geomechanical prop
Page 550:
Chapter 5 When a load is applied to
Page 554:
Chapter 5 Furthermore, carbonate ro
Page 558:
Chapter 5 water that drains into li
Page 562:
Table 5.33. Some physical propertie
Page 566:
Chapter 5 Evaporites The dry densit
Page 570:
Chapter 5 suggest that the rock is
Page 574:
Chapter 6 Geological Materials Used
Page 578:
Chapter 6 one of the shortcomings o
Page 582:
Stancliffe Buff Fine to Namurian me
Page 586:
Chapter 6 drainage and escape of mo
Page 590:
Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 Black crust de
Page 594:
Chapter 6 Limestones show a variati
Page 598:
Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Coarse-grained
Page 602:
Chapter 6 Usually, armourstone is s
Page 606:
Chapter 6 The crushing strength of
Page 610:
Chapter 6 the polishing action of t
Page 614:
Chapter 6 a poor ability to absorb
Page 618:
Chapter 6 crushing plant. After cru
Page 622:
Chapter 6 Alluvial cones are found
Page 626:
Chapter 6 Ball clays and china clay
Page 630:
Chapter 6 Sulphate minerals in mudr
Page 634:
Chapter 6 is to be extracted (Bell,
Page 638:
Chapter 6 clay, or they may be brou
Page 642:
Chapter 7 Site Investigation The ge
Page 646:
Chapter 7 factors throughout this s
Page 650:
Chapter 7 Infrared linescanning is
Page 654:
Chapter 7 by satellites 800 km out
Page 658:
Chapter 7 Table 7.2. Types of photo
Page 662:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Drillhole log.
Page 666:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Light cable an
Page 670:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 Wash-boring ri
Page 674:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 The general-pu
Page 678:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Section throug
Page 682:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.8 Rotary percuss
Page 686:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.11 Double-tube s
Page 690:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.12 Standard pene
Page 694:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.13 An electric p
Page 698:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.15 Shear vane te
Page 702:
Chapter 7 provide a sufficiently st
Page 706:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.18 (a) Schematic
Page 710:
Chapter 7 movements are needed in c
Page 714:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.22 Borehole incl
Page 718:
Chapter 7 hemispherical wave front
Page 722:
Chapter 7 The most common arrangeme
Page 726:
Chapter 7 Table 7.5. Resistivity of
Page 730:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.25 Wenner and Sc
Page 734:
Chapter 7 As a consequence, the met
Page 738:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.26 Magnetometer
Page 742:
Chapter 7 north-south distance, the
Page 746:
Chapter 7 large SPs, whereas shales
Page 750:
Chapter 7 the foundation conditions
Page 754:
Chapter 7 Figure 7.29 Geomorphologi
Page 758:
Chapter 7 purpose, have a larger sc
Page 762:
Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the engin
Page 766:
6b Chiefly Widespread in 10-13, 18-
Page 770:
Table 7.8. Advantages and disadvant
Page 774:
Chapter 8 Geology, Planning and Dev
Page 778:
Chapter 8 It therefore is important
Page 782:
Chapter 8 If there are no mitigatio
Page 786:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.2 (a) An example
Page 790:
Chapter 8 to nueés ardentes, the e
Page 794:
387 Figure 8.3 (a) Preliminary haza
Page 798:
Chapter 8 An earthquake propagates
Page 802:
IX Ruinous. General panic. Masonry
Page 806:
Chapter 8 standing in earthquakes t
Page 810:
Chapter 8 In earthquake prone areas
Page 814:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.7 Microseismic z
Page 818:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.8 Landslide susc
Page 822:
Chapter 8 concentrated into channel
Page 826:
Chapter 8 magnitude or greater occu
Page 830:
Chapter 8 occurs on average once in
Page 834:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.12 Revetment com
Page 838:
Chapter 8 Dunes act as barriers, en
Page 842:
Chapter 8 Artificial replenishment
Page 846:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.16 A breakwater
Page 850:
Chapter 8 record of tsunamis is req
Page 854:
Chapter 8 Movement of sand can bury
Page 858:
Table 8.3. Objectives and methods o
Page 862:
Chapter 8 Soil erosion by water is
Page 866:
Chapter 8 The redistribution and re
Page 870:
Chapter 8 Figure 8.19 Cellular cons
Page 874: Chapter 8 recommended that at dry s
Page 878: Chapter 8 Disposal of liquid hazard
Page 882: Chapter 8 any heat produced by radi
Page 886: Chapter 8 Tailings may also contain
Page 890: Chapter 8 The mining method is a ve
Page 894: Chapter 8 Figure 8.25 An example of
Page 898: Chapter 8 has passed by, the ground
Page 902: Chapter 8 Figure 8.27 Earth fissure
Page 906: Chapter 8 Figure 8.28 A tension sca
Page 910: Chapter 8 sinkholes and produced di
Page 914: Chapter 8 Figure 8.30 A survey of d
Page 918: Chapter 8 Figure 8.31 The Big Hole,
Page 922: Chapter 8 with various previous use
Page 928: E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
Page 976:
E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
Page 980:
Page 984:
Page 988:
Page 992:
Page 996:
488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
Page 1000:
490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
Page 1004:
Page 1008:
Page 1012:
Page 1016:
Page 1020:
Page 1024:
Page 1028:
Page 1032:
Page 1036:
Page 1040:
Page 1044:
Page 1048:
Page 1052:
Page 1056:
Page 1060:
Page 1064:
Page 1068:
Page 1072:
Page 1076:
Page 1080:
Page 1084:
532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
Page 1088:
Page 1092:
Page 1096:
Page 1100:
Page 1104:
Page 1108:
Page 1112:
Page 1116:
Page 1120:
Page 1124:
Page 1128:
Page 1132:
Page 1136:
This page intentionally left blank
Page 1140:
Page 1144:
Page 1148:
Page 1152:
Page 1156:
Page 1160:
Page 1164:
Page 1168:
Page 1172:
I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
Page 1176:
I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
Page 1180:
I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
Page 1184:
This page intentionally left blank
show all

Engineering Geology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?