Engineering Geology

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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y Table 5.2. Unified Soil Classification. Coarse soils. More than half of the material is larger than No. 200 sieve size † Field identification procedures (excluding particles larger than Group Typical 76 mm and basing fractions on estimated weights) symbols* names Gravels. More than Clean gravels Wide range in grain GW Well-graded gravels, half of coarse (little or no fines) size and substantial gravel–sand fraction is larger amounts of all mixtures, little or than No. 7 intermediate no fines sieve size* particle sizes Predominantly one size GP Poorly graded or a range of sizes gravels, gravel– with some intermediate sand mixtures, sizes missing little or no fines Gravels with Non-plastic fines (for GM Silty gravels, poorly fines (appreciable identification proce- graded gravel– amount of fines) dures see ML below) sand–silt mixtures Plastic fines (for GC Clayey gravels, poorly identification procedures, graded gravel– see CL below) sand–clay mixtures Sands. More than Clean sands Wide range in grain SW Well-graded half of coarse (little or sizes and substantial sands, gravelly fraction is no fines) amounts of all sands, little smaller than intermediate or no fines No. 7 sieve size ‡ particle sizes Predominantly one size SP Poorly graded or a range of sizes sands, gravelly with some intermediate sands,little sizes missing or no fines Sands with fines Non-plastic fines (for SM Silty sands, poorly (appreciable identification proce- graded sand–silt amount of fines) dures, see ML below) mixtures Plastic fines (for identifi- SC Clayey sands, poorly cation procedures, graded sand–clay see CL below) mixtures *Boundary classifications: Soils possessing characteristics of two groups are designated by combinations of group symbols. For example, GW–GC, well-graded gravel–sand mixture with clay binder; † All sieve sizes on this chart are US standard. The No. 200 sieve size is about the smallest particle visible to the naked eye; ‡ For visual classification, the 6.3 mm size may be used as equivalent to the No. 7 sieve size. Field identification procedure for fine-grained soils or fractions: These procedures are to be performed on the minus No. 40 sieve-size particles, approximately 0.4 mm. For field classification purposes, screening is not intended, simply remove by hand the coarse particles that interfere with the tests. Dilatancy (reacting to shaking): After removing particles larger than No. 40 sieve size, prepare a pat of moist soil with a volume of about 1 cm 3 . Add enough water if necessary to make the soil soft but not sticky. Place the pat in the open palm of one hand and shake horizontally, striking vigorously against the other hand several times. A positive reaction consists of the appearance of water on the surface of the pat, which changes to a livery consistency and becomes glossy. When the sample is squeezed between the fingers, the water and gloss disappear from the surface, the pat stiffens and, finally, it cracks and crumbles. The rapidity of appearance of water during shaking and of its disappearance during squeezing assist in identifying the character of the fines in a soil. Very fine clean sands give the quickest and most distinct reaction, whereas a plastic clay has no reaction. Inorganic silts, such as typical rock flour, show a moderately quick reaction. Dry strength (crushing characteristic): After removing particles larger than No. 40 sieve size, mould a pat of soil to the 202
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Engineering Geology
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Engineering Geology Second Edition
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Preface As noted in the Preface to
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Contents 1. Rock Types and Stratigr
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Contents Field Instrumentation 344
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Chapter 1 Rock Types and Stratigrap
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Chapter 1 several tens of metres bu
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 Distribution o
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.5 Lapilli near C
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 (a) Ropy or pa
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.8 Columnar joint
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.9 Pegmatite vein
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.10 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.11 An old quarry
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Chapter 1 a b Figure 1.13 (a) Gneis
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Chapter 1 and the types of country
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Chapter 1 A variety of minerals suc
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Chapter 1 metasomatic activity is c
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Chapter 1 derived by partial intras
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Chapter 1 character (are they irreg
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Chapter 1 the top. Individual grade
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.20 Thin section
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Chapter 1 Montmorillonite [(Mg,Al)
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.22 Salt teepees
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Chapter 1 The extent and regularity
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Chapter 1 the lowest bed in the upp
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Table 1.1. The geological timescale
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Chapter 1 The principal way in whic
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Chapter 2 Geological Structures The
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.2 (a) Block
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Chapter 2 (b) Figure 2.4 (a) Types
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Chevron fold i
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Chapter 2 direction of extension. T
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Types of fault
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.11 (a) Repetitio
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Chapter 2 side of a fault are of di
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Geometric ori
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Chapter 2 As joints represent surfa
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Chapter 2 (several metres). The int
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Chapter 2 Strength of Discontinuous
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Chapter 2 Table 2.5. Classification
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73 Figure 2.17 Discontinuity survey
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Chapter 2 Figure 2.19 Representatio
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Chapter 3 Surface Processes All lan
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Chapter 3 humid regions more than d
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Honeycomb weat
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Chapter 3 less soluble than limesto
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 The slake-dura
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Chapter 3 Because weathering brings
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.6 Approaches to
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Valley bulging
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Chapter 3 Internal slides are usual
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.8 A classificati
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Block diagram
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Chapter 3 direct factor in causing
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 (a) Trellised
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Chapter 3 Throughout its length, a
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.17 (a) Paired ri
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.18 Component par
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Chapter 3 In the early stages of ri
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Chapter 3 Karst Topography and Unde
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.22 Appearance of
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Chapter 3 the surface throughout th
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.25 Drumlins, nea
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Chapter 3 barrier, the threshold, o
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Chapter 3 Most melt water streams t
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Chapter 3 Other small ridge-like ka
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Chapter 3 of perennially frozen gro
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Chapter 3 Wind Action Wind erosion
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.32 Buttes and me
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Chapter 3 areas in which there is e
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Chapter 3 commonly falls in both in
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.35 Terminology o
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Chapter 3 disrupts their pattern of
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Chapter 3 is extended out to sea. B
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Chapter 3 (a) (b) Figure 3.37 (Cont
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Chapter 3 Table 3.2. Average beach
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Figure 3.38 Hurst Castle Spit with
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Chapter 3 windspeeds of approximate
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Chapter 3 Free oscillations develop
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Chapter 4 Groundwater Conditions an
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Map of part of
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Chapter 4 buried upper surface of a
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2. Soil suction p
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Chapter 4 The factors affecting the
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Chapter 4 Table 4.3. Some examples
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Chapter 4 Permeability and porosity
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Chapter 4 Flow through Soils and Ro
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Chapter 4 General Equation of Flow
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Chapter 4 and k h H / k + H / k + H
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 Standard piezo
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Chapter 4 velocity of the upward se
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Geological mapping frequently forms
Page 374: Chapter 4 As groundwater moves from
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Page 382: Chapter 4 Figure 4.10 Yield drawdow
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Page 398: Chapter 4 In addition, the fracture
Page 402: Chapter 4 to another as groundwater
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Page 410: Chapter 4 Many of the VOCs are liqu
Page 414: Chapter 4 Table 4.7. Composition of
Page 418: Chapter 4 Migration control is cons
Page 422: Description, Properties and Behavio
Page 428: E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g y
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248 Table 5.21. Some properties of
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252 Table 5.22. Rock type classific
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272 Table 5.33. Some physical prope
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274 Table 5.34. Geomechanical prope
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280 Table 6.1. Some properties of B
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282 Table 6.2. Some properties of B
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372 Table 7.7a. Excerpts from the e
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374 Table 7.7b. Key to the engineer
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390 Table 8.1. Modified Mercalli Sc
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412 Figure 8.15 (a) (b) (a) Rip-rap
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488 Table 9.4. The rock mass rating
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490 Table 9.6. Classification of in
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532 Table 9.8. Typical compaction c
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I n d e x coastal protection, 410,
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I n d e x grout, 526, 548 groutabil
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I n d e x rebound, 513 recumbent fo
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