Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT

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108 08.1-184 Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane emission of dairy cows van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M Switzerland Zoology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences Two experiments were carried out to compare white clover with red clover as supplementation to ryegrass, in ensiled and fresh form, for differences in nitrogen loss and methane emission by dairy cows. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed with fresh white (WF) or red clover (RF) (60/40 on dry matter basis). Experiment 2 involved similar mixed diets in ensiled form (WS and RS, respectively), and two ryegrass silage diets, without (GS) or with supplementary maize gluten meal (600 g protein/kg DM; GS+). Barley was supplemented to meet the calculated requirements for milk production. The type of clover did not affect crude protein (CP) intake in experiment 1. In experiment 2, the highest CP intakes were observed for cows on the GS+ diet (P
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 109 tive power of the models and the obtained r ranging from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good, respectively. The study revealed that a combination of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing data produced a variety of ecological meaningful variables. Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12, N4, NOV, pp 315-328. 08.1-188 Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner- Alpine dry valley Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A Switzerland Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded as sensitive to climate change. In the dry Valais valley (Switzerland) the composition of the widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting towards a mixed deciduous state. The subboreal P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates, whereas the deciduous sub-mediterranean Quercus pubescens is spreading. These species may act as early indicators of climate change. We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on their differences in drought tolerance, which are hardly known, but are likely to be crucial in the current forest shift and also for future forest development. Methods: We used dendroecological methods to detect species-specific patterns in the growth response to drought. The relationship between radial growth of 401 trees from 15 mixed stands and drought was analysed by calculating response functions using yearly treering indices and monthly drought indices. PCA was applied to the response ratios to discover spatial patterns of drought response. Results: A species-specific response to moisture as well as a sub- regional differentiation of the response patterns were found. While Quercus showed a response mainly to the conditions of the previous autumn and those of current spring, Pinus did not start responding before May, but showed responses throughout the whole summer. Quercus may restrict physiological activity to moist periods; growth of Pinus was much more dependent on prior growth. Conclusions: Given that the climate is changing towards (1) longer summer drought periods, (2) higher mean temperatures and (3) shifted seasonality of moisture availability, Quercus may benefit from adapting better to drier conditions. Pinus may increasingly face problems related to drought stress as it depends on summer moisture and has a smaller adaptive capacity due to its long-lived photosynthetic tissue. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N6, DEC, pp 777-792. 08.1-189 Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C Switzerland Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Biodiversity , Microbiology Epiphytes are strongly affected by the population dynamics of their host trees. Owing to the spatiotemporal dynamics of host tree populations, substantial dispersal rates - corresponding to high levels of gene flow - are needed for populations to persist in a landscape. However, several epiphytic lichens have been suggested to be dispersal-limited, which leads to the expectation of low gene flow at the landscape scale. Here, we study landscapelevel genetic structure and gene flow of a putatively dispersal-limited epiphytic lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria. The genetic structure of L. pulmonaria was quantified at three hierarchical levels, based on 923 thalli collected from 41 plots situated within a pasture-woodland landscape and genotyped at six fungal microsatellite loci. We found significant isolation by distance, and significant genetic differentiation both among sampling plots and among trees. Landscape configuration, i.e. the effect of a large open area separating two forested regions, did not leave a traceable pattern in genetic structure, as assessed with partial Mantel tests and analysis of molecular variance. Gene pools were spatially intermingled in the pasturewoodland landscape, as determined by Bayesian analysis of population structure. Evidence for local gene flow was found in a disturbed area that was mainly colonized from nearby sources. Our analyses indicated high rates of gene flow of L. pulmonaria among forest patches, which may reflect the historical connectedness of the landscape through gene movement. These results support the conclusion that dispersal in L. pulmonaria is rather effective, but not spatially unrestricted. Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL, pp 2807-2815.
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