Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT

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66 is needed before these measurements could be used to represent the diesel exhaust. Science of the Total Environment, 2007, V386, N1-3, NOV 1, pp 42-52. 08.1-77 Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple apparatus Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A Switzerland Engineering , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences An experimental methodology is developed for gas temperature measurements in highly radiating environments. It consists of a suction thermocouple apparatus and associated heat transfer model for determining the gas temperature from shielded thermocouple readings by radiation, convection and conduction dimensionless correlations. The apparatus and methodology are calibrated and applied to measure gas flow temperatures in a tubular furnace with wall temperatures up to 1223 K. Results are compared with predictions by CFD simulations. Measurement Science Technology, 2007, V18, N11, NOV, pp 3329-3334. 08.1-78 Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission inventories Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van den Bergh H Switzerland, Colombia Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling Two versions of the Emission Inventory (EI) are generated for the city of Bogota, Colombia. In the first version (EI-1), CORINAIR traffic emission factors (EFs) are used. In the second (EI-2), bulk traffic EF’s calculated for the city, using in situ measurements and inverse modelling techniques at street level, are used. EI-2 traffic emissions are 5, 4 and 3 times bigger than the corresponding values in EI-1, for CO, PM10 and NMVOCs, respectively. The main goal of this study consists in evaluating the two versions of the El when introduced into a mesoscale air quality model. The AOT (accumulated exposure over a threshold) index is calculated for comparison between observed and simulated concentrations of primary pollutants. Simulated concentrations using EI-2 are closer to the observed values. This comparison allows us to extract some conclusions of the methodology used to calculate the EFs. Local factors like the driving behavior, Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere the altitude, vehicle technology and an aged fleet cannot be totally included and corrected in the standard methodologies, and seem to be more important than obtaining very detailed and precise information on the classification of the fleet or driving speeds. Under financially limited and fast changing situations, as in the case of many developing countries, a simple methodology to estimate bulk traffic Ef’s and to evaluate the Ell, is of utmost importance. The use of combined techniques such as in situ measurements to estimate bulk traffic EFs, and further evaluation of the inventories with numerical models, proved to be a useful too) for this purpose. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N29, SEP, pp 6302-6318. 08.1-79 Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenicallyinfluenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, Miyoshi T, Shimono A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams P, Bower K, Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R USA, Switzerland, England, Germany, Japan, Finland, Mexico, Peoples R China Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences (1) Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. HOA has been linked to primary combustion emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote sites, respectively. A case study analysis of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is much greater than the advected HOA, indicating that HOA oxidation is not an important source of OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation of SOA which may lead to significant biases in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N13, JUL 7 ARTN: L13801.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 67 1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 08.1-80 The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B Switzerland, Netherlands Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , Plant Sciences 1. Agri-environment schemes attempt to counteract the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest control in agro-ecosystems. However, only a few studies have evaluated whether these attempts are successful. 2. We studied the effects of managing meadows according to the prescriptions of ecological compensation areas (ECA), the most widely adopted agri-environment scheme in Switzerland, on both pollinator species richness and abundance, and the reproductive success of plants in nearby intensively managed meadows (IM). 3. We established arrays of four pots, each containing individuals of three insect-pollinated, non-autogamous ‘phytometer’ species (Raphanus sativus, Hypochaeris radicata and Campanula glomerata), in ECA and adjacent IM at increasing distances from the ECA at 13 sites. 4. Species richness and abundance of hoverflies, solitary bees and large-sized pollinators (mainly social bees and butterflies) were significantly higher in ECA than in adjacent IM. Species richness and abundance of small-sized pollinators in IM declined significantly with increasing distance from ECA, whereas large-sized pollinators were not significantly affected by distance. Plant species richness and flower abundance were the major drivers of pollinator species richness and abundance; the area of an ECA had no significant influence. 5. Individual plants of R. sativus and C. glomerata produced more and heavier seeds in ECA than in IM. Furthermore, the number of seeds of these two phytometer species was positively correlated with species richness and abundance of bees. No such effects were observed for individual plants of H. radicata. The number of fruits and seeds per plant of R. sativus in IM decreased with increasing distance from ECA. 6. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that establishing ECA is an effective method of enhancing both pollinator species richness and abundance and pollination services to nearby intensely managed farmland. Our study emphasizes the importance of connectivity between ECA in maintaining diverse pollinator communities and thereby providing pollination services in agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N4, AUG, pp 813-822. 08.1-81 Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B Switzerland Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology 1. We studied the community and food-web structure of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows and at increasing distances within intensively managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to test if declining species diversity correlates with declining interaction diversity and changes in food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species richness and abundance of three functional groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level and natural enemies as the higher trophic level, were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent intensively managed meadows. Diversity and abundance of specific trophic interactions also declined from restored to intensively managed meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to natural enemies were significantly higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. Bee abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of bees declined with increasing distance from restored meadows. These findings indicate that interaction diversity declines more rapidly than species diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative measures of food-web structure (linkage density, interaction diversity, interaction evenness and compartment diversity) were higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. This was reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey species per consumer species (degree of generalism) in restored than in intensively managed meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction diversity was related to higher plant species richness in restored than in intensively managed meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the theoretical prediction that decreasing species richness at lower trophic levels should reduce species richness at higher trophic levels, and in addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction diversity at these higher levels. Species at higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively more than species at lower trophic levels from habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compart-
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