Hacking_and_Penetration_Testing_with_Low_Power_Devices

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Using IEEE 802.15.4 networking 157 interface (from the BeagleBone) are transmitted wirelessly and all data received over the XBee link are sent out on the UART (to the BeagleBone). The XBee modems may also be operated in Application Programming Interface (API) mode. In API mode, all data sent and received via the XBee link are contained in frames. Any data received by an XBee modem in API mode that are not contained within a properly formed frame are discarded. In order for two XBee modems to communicate with each other in transparent mode, they must be properly configured. First, the modems must both operate on the same XBee channel (recall that there are 16 channels available). Second, they must use the same PAN ID. The default PAN ID is 0x3332 and the valid range is 0-0xFFFF. The addresses must also be configured correctly. Just like the more familiar Ethernet and IEEE 802.11 adapters, XBee modems have MAC addresses. XBee MAC addresses are 64 bits long. Each modem can also have a short 16-bit address assigned to it. Using 16-bit addresses is more efficient than using 64-bit addresses. Setting a modem’s 16-bit address to 0xFFFF or 0xFFFE disables 16-bit addressing mode. The 16-bit address is stored in the MY variable on the XBee modem. In addition to the MY address variable, each modem has DH (destination address high) and DL (destination address low) variables for setting the destination address when the modem is operated in transparent mode. DH and DL are 32-bit variables. This allows 64-bit addresses to be used when operating in transparent mode. Setting DH to zero and storing a value less than 0xFFFF in DL causes a modem to use 16-bit addressing. Transparent mode is enabled by default. A modem can be changed to API mode by changing the AP variable from 0 to either 1 or 2. Setting AP to 1 enables API mode. If values are likely to be sent or received that must be escaped, AP should be set to 2. The values XON and XOFF, hex 0x11 and 0x13, respectively, must be escaped to prevent the BeagleBone from improperly starting and stopping any data transmitted. Commands can be sent to the XBee modem in order to change its configuration. When operating in API mode, this is done by sending special command packets. In transparent mode, commands are sent by forcing the modem into command (or AT) mode. A second of silence followed by the string “+++” and another second of silence sent to the modem will cause it to enter command mode. Commands (all of which begin with AT) can then be sent to the modem. After the time specified in the CT variable has gone by without any commands sent to the modem, it will revert to transparent mode. Now that all the preliminaries have been covered, let us explicitly cover the steps needed to set up two XBee modems in a peer-to-peer topology. The details on how this is done with Digi-supplied software will be covered later in this chapter. Both modems must be set to the same channel and PAN ID. The DH value on each modem should be set to zero. The MY value on one modem should be set to the DL value of the other and vice versa. By default, modems are set to use transparent mode. Ensure that both modems are set to the appropriate mode.
158 CHAPTER 7 Building an army of devices BE CAREFUL Devil is in the details Be careful to make sure that you have set each modem correctly before you start questioning your code. I wasted several hours debugging code I was convinced was wrong only to find out that one modem had been set to transparent mode while the other was operating in API mode. The receive lights blinked, but the modem was correctly dropping everything it received because it was not enclosed in a properly formed packet. Your favorite terminal program can be used on either side of the connection to help debug any problems. A point-to-multipoint network is nearly as easy to set up as a peer-to-peer connection. The only difference is that the DL value on all nodes (with the possible exception of the central node) should be set to the MY address of the central node. As far as any of the non-central nodes are concerned, they are in an exclusive peer-topeer relationship with the central node. For our purposes, a point-to-multipoint network with a command console as a central node will be used to control an army of remote hacking drones. MESH NETWORKING Setting up a command and control network with a bunch of drones connected to a command console on the central node with Series 1 modems is easy. There are some limitations, however. All drones must be within range of the command console. There is no redundancy in the network. If a node is sleeping, it will miss any traffic directed toward it. These limitations can be overcome using ZigBee networking. The ZigBee Alliance has defined a number of robust protocols built on top of IEEE 802.15.4. We will only cover the basics needed to implement command and control for our remote hacking drones in this book. A number of white papers, presentations, and other resources are available at http://www.zigbee.org/LearnMore/ WhitePapers.aspx for those wishing to know more about ZigBee. ZigBee adds several services to IEEE 802.15.4 networking. Additions include routing, the creation of ad hoc networks, and self-healing mesh networks. Routing allows packets to be sent through a series of nodes. In IEEE 802.15.4 networks, messages can only be sent from one node to another. The ability to send packets through a series of nodes allows the network of attack drones to be spread out much further than in a simple point-to-multipoint network. Ad hoc networks are automatically created. No human intervention is required. Devices that are part of a network are automatically added based on their designated role. ZigBee networks are said to be self-healing because the ad hoc network is automatically reconfigured if one or more nodes go down. Each device in a ZigBee network has a role to play. There are three available roles: coordinator, router, and end device. Every network has at least two nodes. One of these must be a coordinator and the other can be either a router or an end device.
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Hacking and Penetration Testing wit
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Hacking and Penetration Testing wit
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Dedicated to my favorite wife, my f
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Contents Foreword..................
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Contents ix Network Hubs and Switch
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Foreword So I will start out this f
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Author Biography Dr. Philip Polstra
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Acknowledgments First and foremost,
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CHAPTER Meet the deck 1 INFORMATION
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The deck 3 FIGURE 1.1 Collection of
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The deck 5 FIGURE 1.4 Fern WiFi Cra
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The deck 7 MODES OF OPERATION One o
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The deck 9 stores data only on a lo
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Summary 11 I knew that The Deck, wh
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CHAPTER Meet the beagles 2 INFORMAT
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Texas instruments devices 15 FIGURE
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Texas instruments devices 17 proces
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Texas instruments devices 21 The AD
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Texas instruments devices 23 WHY NO
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CHAPTER Installing a base operating
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Introduction 29 FIGURE 3.2 QNX smar
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Introduction 31 FIGURE 3.4 Android
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Introduction 33 (http://openembedde
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Introduction 35 FIGURE 3.6 Arch Lin
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Introduction 37 Sabayon In the phys
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Introduction 39 Table 3.7 Fedora Pe
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Introduction 41 tar xJf debian*.xz
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Ubuntu options 43 supportive commun
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Creating a microSD Card 45 Device t
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Chapter 3 Appendix: digging deeper
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CHAPTER Filling the toolbox 4 INFOR
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Adding a graphical environment 57 b
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Adding a graphical environment 59 W
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Adding a graphical environment 61 t
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Adding tools the easy way 63 The li
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Adding tools the easy way 65 check_
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Adding tools the easy way 67 echo -
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Adding tools the hard way 69 # chec
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Adding tools the hard way 71 descri
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Adding tools the hard way 73 FIGURE
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Adding tools the hard way 85 dl_src
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Starter set of tools 87 and possibl
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Starter set of tools 89 #get John w
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Starter set of tools 91 The company
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CHAPTER Powering The Deck 5 INFORMA
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Power requirements 95 the city and
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Power sources 97 WALL POWER When it
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Power sources 99 Thanks to commonly
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Power sources 101 Table 5.2 Duracel
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Reducing power consumption 103 REDU
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Penetration testing with a single b
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Page 138 and 139: Summary 121 site. In-depth testing
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Page 142 and 143: Display options 125 FIGURE 6.1 LCD7
Page 144 and 145: IEEE 802.11 wireless 127 The Alfa A
Page 146 and 147: BeagleBone capes 129 FIGURE 6.4 UAR
Page 148 and 149: BeagleBone capes 131 pull-up resist
Page 150 and 151: BeagleBone capes 133 FIGURE 6.7 XBe
Page 152 and 153: BeagleBone capes 135 Newly created
Page 154 and 155: BeagleBone capes 137 Table 6.1 Cape
Page 156 and 157: BeagleBone capes 139 If you don’t
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Page 170 and 171: Summary 153 if "done" in status.ite
Page 172 and 173: CHAPTER Building an army of devices
Page 176 and 177: Configuring IEEE 802.15.4 modems 15
Page 184 and 185: Remote control the easy way 167 FIG
Page 186 and 187: Remote control via python 169 seria
Page 188 and 189: Remote control via python 171 impor
Page 190 and 191: Remote control via python 173 elif
Page 192 and 193: Remote control via python 175 dnum
Page 194 and 195: Remote control via python 177 rc_na
Page 196 and 197: Remote control via python 179 The M
Page 198 and 199: Remote control via python 181 } [ "
Page 200 and 201: Remote control via python 183 Merel
Page 202 and 203: Saving power 185 on the modem. The
Page 204 and 205: Adding security 187 a different cha
Page 206 and 207: Expanding Your Reach 189 FIGURE 7.1
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Page 220 and 221: Summary 203 # if IP and MAC aren’
Page 222 and 223: CHAPTER Keeping your army secret 8
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Hiding devices 207 FIGURE 8.2 At fi
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Hiding devices 209 FIGURE 8.4 Car d
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Hiding devices 211 FIGURE 8.7 Wirel
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Hiding devices 213 FIGURE 8.11 Unde
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Hiding devices 215 FIGURE 8.14 Unde
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FIGURE 8.17 Inside the Dalek Desk D
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FIGURE 8.21 The haxtar. The haxtar
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Installing devices 221 example, wea
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CHAPTER Adding air support 9 INFORM
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Building the AirDeck 225 Latte is s
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Building the AirDeck 227 what you a
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Using your aerial drone 229 Power i
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Using your aerial drone 231 Install
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Alternative aircraft 233 else { //
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CHAPTER Future directions 10 INFORM
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Closing thoughts 237 For reasons me
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Index Note: Page numbers followed b
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Index 241 configuration, 77-79, 83f
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Index 243 Python scripts, 143-144 w
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