The Geometry of Ships

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THE GEOMETRY OF SHIPS 57 surface about a longitudinal axis (for heel) or transverse axis (for trim), through the centroid of the free surface. As in initial stability, the metacentric radius is generally different for heel and trim. The metacentric radius vanishes if the tank is either empty or full, because there is then no free surface. 13.7 Container Capacity. Today, a great deal of maritime freight is carried in containerships loaded with standard containers. The modular nature of the cargo is a profound driver of the geometry of these ships. The starting point for a design will generally be a stack of the requisite number of containers with minimum clearances between them. Then, as the hullform is developed around the envelope of the containers, it is critical to check lower outboard corners to be sure they are inside the hull surface and framing. The three most common container sizes (stacking dimensions, length width height) are: 20-foot: 6.096 2.438 2.591m 40-foot: 12.192 2.438 2.591m 45-foot high cube: 13.716 2.438 2.896m, but 48- and 53-foot containers are also in use. Ship capacity is often stated in terms of “twenty-foot equivalent units,” abbreviated TEU; this is the capacity for one standard 20-foot container. Forty- and 45-foot containers are both considered as 2 TEUs, and container height is not taken into account in this measure. REFERENCES Abt, C., Birk, L., and Harries, S. (2003). Parametric Hull Design: The FRIENDSHIP-Modeler. Intl. Conf. on Ship and Shipping Research. NAV 2003, Palermo, Italy. Bai, Yong. (2003). Marine Structural Design. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. Bartels, R. H., Beatty, J. C., and Barsky, B. A. (1987). An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling. Los Altos, California: Morgan Kaufmann. de Berg, M., van Kreveld, M., Overmars, M., and Schwarzkopf, O. (2000). Computational Geometry Algorithms and Applications. Berlin: Springer. de Boor, C. (1978). A Practical Guide to Splines. New York: Springer. Couser, P. (2006a). Selecting a Suitable Hull Definition Package. The Naval Architect, April 2006, 42–46. Couser, P. (2006b). Selecting the Optimum Hull Definition Package. The Naval Architect, May 2006, 6–10. Couser, P. (2006c). Selecting an Optimum Hull Definition Package. The Naval Architect, July/August 2006, 66–70. Faltinsen, O. M. (1990). Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Farin, G. (1999). Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design (5th ed.). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. Faux, I. D., and Pratt, M. J. (1979). Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood Ltd. Galli, A. M., and Qualich, G. (1997). Experiences in Numerical Fairing of Hull Surfaces. Intl. Conf. on Ship and Marine Research (12th ed.). NAV97, Sorrento, Italy. Gibbons, A. (1985). Algorithmic Graph Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Gillmer, T. C., and Johnson, B. (1990). Introduction to Naval Architecture. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. Hoffmann, C. M. (1989). Geometric and Solid Modeling: An Introduction. San Mateo, California: Morgan Kaufmann. Kikuchi, N. (1986). Finite Element Method in Mechanics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Kilgore, U. (1967). Developable Hull Surfaces. Fishing Boats of the World, Vol. 3. New York: United Nations F.A.O. Knupp, P., and Steinberg, S. (1994). Fundamentals of Grid Generation. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Kreyszig, E. (1979). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Kreyszig, E. (1959). Differential Geometry. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. Kuo, C. (1971). Computer methods for ship surface design. London: Longman Group Ltd. Lamb, T. (ed.) (2003). Ship Design and Construction. New York: SNAME. Lamb, T. (1995). Shell Development Computer Aided Lofting — Is There a Problem or not? J. of Ship Production. Vol. 11, No. 1, 34–46. Larsson, L., and Eliasson, R. (2000). The Principles of Yacht Design (2nd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill. Larsson, L., and Raven, H. C. (2009). Resistance. In: Paulling, J. R., (ed.), Principles of Naval Architecture: The Series. Jersey City, New Jersey: SNAME. Letcher, J. S. (1972). A New Approach to Numerical Fairing and Lofting. Marine Technology. Vol. 9, No. 2, 223–230. Letcher, J. S. (1993). Lofting and Fabrication of Compound Curved Plates. J. of Ship Research. Vol. 37, No. 2, 166–175. Letcher, J. S., Shook, D. M., and Shepherd, S. G. (1995). Relational geometric synthesis: Part 1 — Framework. Computer-Aided Design. Vol. 27, No. 11, 821–832. Moore, C. S. (2009) Intact Stability. In: Paulling, J. R., (ed.), Principles of Naval Architecture: The Series. Jersey City, New Jersey: SNAME. Mortenson, M. E. (1995). Geometric Transformations. New York: Industrial Press. Mortenson, M. E. (1997). Geometric Modeling (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Newman, J. N. (1977). Marine Hydrodynamics. Cambridge (Mass.): M.I.T. Press. Nolan, T. J. (1971). Computer Aided Design of Developable Hull Surfaces. Marine Technology. Vol. 8, No. 8, 231–242.
58 THE PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE SERIES Nowacki, H., Bloor, M. I. G., and Oleksiewicz, B. (1995). Computational Geometry for Ships. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Nowacki, H., and Kim, H. C. (2005). Form Parameter Based Design of Hull Shapes as Volume and Surface Objects. Intl. Conf. on Control, Automation and Systems. Gyeong Gi, Korea. O’Rourke, J. (1998). Computational Geometry (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Peters, J., and Reif, U. (2008). Subdivision Surfaces (Geometry and Computing). New York: Springer. Piegl, L., and Tiller, W. (1995). The NURBS Book. New York: Springer. Pollard, S. F. (1993). Boatbuilding with Aluminum. Camden, Maine: International Marine. Preparata, F. P., and Shamos, M. I. (1985). Computational Geometry: An Introduction. New York: Springer. Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T. (1988). Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Pressley, A. N. (2001). Elementary Differential Geometry. London: Springer. Rabl, S. S. (1941). Ship and Aircraft Fairing and Development. Centreville, Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press. Randall, R. E. (1997). Elements of Ocean Engineering. New York: SNAME. Rawson, K. J., and Tupper, E. C. (2001). Basic Ship Theory. London: Longman Group Ltd. Rules for Classing and Building Steel Vessels. New York: American Bureau of Shipping (annual). Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships. London: Lloyds’ Register of Shipping (annual). Scott, R. J. (1996). Fiberglass Boat Design and Construction. New York: SNAME. Tagg, R. D. (2009). Subdivision and Damaged Stability. In: Paulling, J. R. (ed.), Principles of Naval Architecture: The Series. Jersey City, New Jersey: SNAME. Warren, J., and Weimer, H. (2002). Subdivision Methods for Geometric Design. San Francisco: Morgan Kauffmann. Wigley, W. C. S. (1942). Calculated and Measured Wave Resistance of a Series of Forms Defined Algebraically. Trans. I.N.A.. Vol. 84, 52–71. Zienkiewicz, O. C. (1977). The Finite Element Method (3rd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.
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THE GEOMETRY OF SHIPS 3 Although fi
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Page 51 and 52: THE GEOMETRY OF SHIPS 39 tration of
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Page 55 and 56: THE GEOMETRY OF SHIPS 43 The genera
Page 57 and 58: THE GEOMETRY OF SHIPS 45 where: L a
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Page 76 and 77: INDEX Note: Page numbers followed b
Page 78 and 79: Index Terms Links center of buoyanc
Page 80 and 81: Index Terms Links coordinates, homo
Page 82 and 83: Index Terms Links displacement 3 4
Page 84 and 85: Index Terms Links geometry definiti
Page 86 and 87: Index Terms Links isoparms 17 K kee
Page 88 and 89: Index Terms Links model (Cont.) sca
Page 90 and 91: Index Terms Links pole 18 polygon 1
Page 92 and 93: Index Terms Links seakeeping 2 31 3
Page 94 and 95: Index Terms Links surfaces (Cont.)
Page 96 and 97: Index Terms Links triangle mesh 27f
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The Geometry of Ships

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