free download in pdf format - Culturelink Network

Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
written in a certain period of time? How much material (paper, ink, electricity, etc.)
has he consumed while working? Can his work be compared to somebody else’s work?
However, we must be careful with conclusions here. All these questions mean that
an author’s labour cannot be directly subsumed in commodity production, but it
can nevertheless be turned into a general time-labour form of value (see Table 1). An
author’s eff orts might be estimated in fi nancial terms according to the current price
of the labour force in a particular space and time. Socialism, for example, invented a
system of fi xed authors’ fees whose aim was to provide authors with payments that were
comparable to wage workers of similar working qualifi cations. To summarize: writing
of the manuscript is artisanal and diff erent from commodity production, but they
both, as we have seen, meet at the particular moment of the author’s submission of the
manuscript to the publisher.
Table 1: Labour-process in book publishing
132
Means of production
instruments “dead labour”
subject of labour “subject of past labour”
Productive labour labour “wage labour”
Th e expansion of market mechanisms into the arts
Conclusions so far have drawn us nearer to the question of art’s subordination to
market mechanisms. Th e question of the expansion of market mechanisms into social
spheres which were till then not subsumed into the market economy, is not a recent
one. Mario Tronti, member of the Italian operaisti, wrote already in the 1960s: “Th e real
process of proletarization is presented as a formal process of the third sector’s growth”
(Tronti, 1962: 49). Tronti’s line of argumentation is that in order to augment the surplus
value and, consequently, the profi ts, the capitalist has to diminish the value of the labour
force and constantly improve the labour process, as well as to generalize and expand the
capitalist mode of social production. At the end, Tronti says, all forms of labour have to
become industrial labour and all social relations must swift ly change into relations of
production in the third sector as well, until the whole society becomes a factory. Tronti
fi nally draws equal signs between factory, society and state (fabbrica = società = stato).
But society as a whole is not automatically becoming a factory, since the capitalist
mode of production cannot subsume automatically all spheres of social production by,
for instance, separation of the labour force from the means of production or division
of labour and so on. How a particular social production (as art production) gets
incorporated into a capitalist mode of production may have no impact on its particular
mode of production. It may remain almost the same as before, like the process of
writing a manuscript, at least until machines will be able to produce novels and poems.