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esidues (loose criterion). When a gold standard positive residue was found within the 14-residue window, this was considered a true positive. The test was considered a success for a given protein if there were no false positives or false negatives under this criterion. The test was considered a partial success if there were one or more true positives but also one or more false positives and/or false negatives. Finally, the test was a considered a failure if there were no true positives for that protein. The results are shown in Table 3.2. As can be seen, the majority of the proteins were successes. Under this criterion there were 47 true positive hinge points. For these, the average distance between the center of the gold standard positive residues and the center of the test positive residues was 1.66 residues. For 29 out of the 47, the distance was 1 or 0 residues. Thus even under the loose criterion the predictions had a tendency to line up closely with the HAG hinges. This can be appreciated in Figure 3.2, where the test positives are aligned with the corresponding gold standard positives, and the test outcome is indicated. Also in the same figure one can observe that the predictor did not work well for the two pairs of proteins with triple-stranded hinges. One must keep in mind that as we mentioned earlier, the HAG annotations reflect hinges chosen under a very specific crystallographic criterion and are not encyclopedic. Therefore for some of these “failures” it is possible that the prediction is correctly suggesting a motion which is thermodynamically permitted but is not reflected in the 126
pairs of structures used to generate the hinge annotations. We will discuss this for specific cases in the following section. Discussion We chose six representative proteins from the 40 structures in the HAG for detailed discussion. These reflect some of the diversity of the set and illustrate the salient features of the algorithm. For each of these, we present structural images with the annotated hinges highlighted. We also present and discuss the results of running the three versions of FlexOracle on the structure. The FlexOracle results for all 40 HAG structures can be viewed online at molmovdb.org/FO. The single-cut version of FlexOracle naturally works best on single-stranded hinges. This condition is less common, and in fact most proteins in HAG have two strands in the hinge, and a couple even have three. We will show that the single-cut predictor nonetheless has predictive ability in these cases, although the two-cut predictor is much more accurate. The two-cut predictor, in contrast, is specifically designed to handle double-stranded hinges. It is also designed to respond to single stranded hinges by discarding one cut of the pair as described earlier. We did not attempt to extend the method to explicitly treat the case of triple stranded hinges. 127
Page 1 and 2:
Abstract Flexibility and domain dyn
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Flexibility and domain dynamics of
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Table of Contents Table of figures
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Can hinges be predicted by a simple
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FlexOracle (FO1, FO1M, FO) 176 Defi
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Conclusions 279 References 281 Tabl
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Table of tables Table 2.1: Amino ac
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Acknowledgements Committee: Mark Ge
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Introduction The problem of predict
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Ab initio methods attempt to model
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potential for simplification, motio
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Chapter 1: The molecular motions da
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MolMovDB is a resource for studying
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voids in proteins, helix-helix pack
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A full-feature version of FIRST5 wi
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gradual transition from the initial
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energy. Thus the first residue list
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activity, DNA-directed DNA polymera
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homology table to an entry in the C
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Highlight active sites from the CSA
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Figure 1.3: Conformational change a
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particular, we found that hinges te
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and the holo. In this case it is po
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Our molecular motions database serv
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We first made a simple GOR(Garnier-
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The morph trajectory was sterically
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protein in the Jmol window to his/h
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of the hinge was otherwise unclear,
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Catalytic Sites Atlas (nonredundant
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! ! ! ! ! h c = number of times res
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! ! ! ! µ h " d c D # H . It is eq
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As mentioned earlier, the fact that
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STRIDE[50] recognizes secondary str
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! ! alignment at this position[24,
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To test this idea, we decided to ca
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GOR method is useful for predicting
Page 75 and 76: ! HI active"site (i) as 0.4 for res
Page 77 and 78: lowered, and the area under the cur
Page 79 and 80: would be preferable to the other, o
Page 81 and 82: Discussion Correlations were found
Page 83 and 84: Sequence in the immediate neighborh
Page 85 and 86: Figures p-value 0.5 0.25 0 .01 PHE
Page 87 and 88: Figure 2.3: Secondary structure Res
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.5: Conservation: full set
Page 91 and 92: Figure 2.7: Solvent accessible surf
Page 93 and 94: completely random predictor, with a
Page 95 and 96: samples 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 97 and 98: m = distance from nearest residues
Page 99 and 100: Hinge All Hinge Residues residues R
Page 101 and 102: in hinge residues HI p-value 1 277
Page 103 and 104: Total resid. in Hinge Atlas 54839 H
Page 105 and 106: Chi- Computer annotated set Hinge A
Page 107 and 108: BMC: Bioinformatics, we present the
Page 109 and 110: hinges. Kundu et al. use the lowest
Page 111 and 112: Domains can move relative to each o
Page 113 and 114: The quantity ! E(i) represents the
Page 115 and 116: Identification of local minima As w
Page 117 and 118: compute FoldX_energy (stability of
Page 119 and 120: energy element of each cluster was
Page 121 and 122: At least two sets of atomic coordin
Page 123 and 124: ! FN (false negatives): Number of r
Page 125: We observed qualitatively (figures
Page 129 and 130: coordinate set does not significant
Page 131 and 132: The LIR family is composed of eight
Page 133 and 134: CaM is a major calcium-binding prot
Page 135 and 136: The results of running FlexOracle a
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.2: Results for individual
Page 139 and 140: a. 139
Page 141 and 142: Figure 3.3: Folylpolyglutamate Synt
Page 143 and 144: . c. 143
Page 145 and 146: a. 145
Page 147 and 148: Figure 3.5: Lir-1 (closed) Morph ID
Page 149 and 150: . c. 149
Page 151 and 152: a. 151
Page 153 and 154: Figure 3.7: Ribose binding protein
Page 155 and 156: . c. 155
Page 157 and 158: Tables GNM 157 Single-cut predictor
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 4: HingeMaster: normal mode
Page 161 and 162: The problem of hinge prediction is
Page 163 and 164: Translation Libration Screw Motion
Page 165 and 166: ! [ K] = [ U] " [ ] 2 [ U] T Where
Page 167 and 168: generated one ROC curve for each mo
Page 169 and 170: ! ! 1 (l " k) A(k,l) = 2 % ' $ C(i,
Page 171 and 172: however, since we found that the Co
Page 173 and 174: A key part of this analysis involve
Page 175 and 176: describe its net vibrational displa
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! Because it cuts the backbone at t
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! ! x HingeMaster = x" # y . [6] 2
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different values of ! " * and gener
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manually select domains and color p
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E. coli resides in the periplasmic
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The results for this protein are sh
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esidues (62). As is customary we al
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FlexOracle (FO) The FlexOracle algo
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extra breakpoints based on visual i
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hinge, it is usually predicted by a
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Supplementary methods Statistical t
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! ! ! eigenvector. The resulting re
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TNC induces a conformational change
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possibility that unexpected results
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UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl
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predicted both hinges, again with m
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Most predictors (including FO, Ston
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FO, hNMb, and hNMd were completely
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HingeMaster makes a strong predicti
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Figure 4.2: ROC curves for HingeMas
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Figure 4.3: HingeMaster results for
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d. e. 219
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221
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Figure 4.5: Human lactoferrin (open
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Figure 4.6: Troponin C (TNC) Morph
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Figure 4.7: Calmodulin, calcium fre
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229
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Tables Predictor Basis Max. hinge p
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test true c positive positive sensi
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235 Closed Metal bound # of hinge p
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Chapter 5: The Conformation Explore
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ending, which involves a rigid regi
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lengths and angles)[89]. The equili
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for holo as well as apo forms, but
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queried using the “?” button. O
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coordinate. This phenomenon is know
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! At the end of each equilibration
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aborted. This marked the correspond
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sRMSD has a major limitation that m
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with respect to the starting struct
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generated structure with respect to
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Ribose Binding Protein (RBP) As des
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strikingly similar both to the holo
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energy minimization. The minimizati
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Figures Figure 5.1: Assignment of r
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Figure 5.3: Results for glutamine b
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Figure 5.4: Results for biotin carb
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Figure 5.6: Results for Adenylate K
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close to the holo. The structure wi
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Table 5.1: MolMovDB ID, PDB ID, fre
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with sRMSD; however its main utilit
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morph server, and left confident th
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9. M Gerstein RJ, T Johnson, J Tsai
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28. Wriggers W, Schulten K: Protein
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45. Dumontier M, Yao R, Feldman HJ,
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62. Thorpe MF, D.J. Jacobs, M.V. Ch
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81. Winn MD, Isupov MN, Murshudov G
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98. Morris GM, Goodsell DS, Hallida
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115. Miyazawa T: Normal Vibrations
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