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The hinge locations themselves were chosen such that rotations of the structural domains about the hinge points could approximately reproduce the motions observed in the morph. Thus these are points of flexibility that permit twisting as well as bending. Integration of HingeMaster StoneHinge Having introduced the novel hNM family of predictors, we move on to describe the existing predictors. The first of these is StoneHinge, which predicts hinges using the FIRST algorithm as implemented in the freely available ProFlex software. ProFlex is designed to analyze flexibility in proteins and uses a 3D constraint counting algorithm arising from rigidity and graph theory. This approach ultimately derives from the structural engineering work of James Clerk Maxwell[77], designed to assess whether the trusswork of a bridge would be adequate to ensure stability. The same concepts have been shown to be mathematically robust for analyzing the 3-dimensional covalent and non-covalent bond networks in proteins[78]. The FIRST algorithm[79] thus counts local degrees of bond-rotational freedom. This divides the protein into two types of regions: those that are constrained and therefore rigid, and those that are underconstrained and therefore free to rotate. A rigid region consists of a group of atoms that do not move relative to each other due to the constraints of the bond network. However, two rigid regions may move relative to each other, like two stones connected by a flexible tether. 172
A key part of this analysis involves representing the essential non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions) that cross-bridge the protein structure[32]. These interactions vary in energy and can be separated by invoking an energy threshold. All interactions that are lower in energy (more favorable) than this threshold are included in the analysis, while those that are higher in energy (less favorable) than the threshold are ignored. To obtain flexibility analysis results reflecting “native-like” motion, this threshold is varied from protein to protein. We describe the process of selecting the correct threshold below. StoneHinge builds on the FIRST algorithm and uses it to predict hinge motion. FIRST iteratively varies the threshold and examines the resulting bond-constraing network to find the boundaries of the rigid regions. The size, location, and number of the rigid regions will vary according to the threshold. StoneHinge selects the value of the threshold that results in a second-largest rigid region of maximal size. It then finds the flexible region or regions connecting the two largest rigid regions. These flexible regions are then reported as hinges. StoneHinge typically requires that both rigid domains contain at least twenty residues. If two rigid domains of this size can not be found, then StoneHinge reports that any detected flexible residues are unlikely to contribute to a hinge bending motion, as domains of this size typically result from flexible loops or similarly small motions. 173
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Abstract Flexibility and domain dyn
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Flexibility and domain dynamics of
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Table of Contents Table of figures
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Can hinges be predicted by a simple
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FlexOracle (FO1, FO1M, FO) 176 Defi
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Conclusions 279 References 281 Tabl
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Table of tables Table 2.1: Amino ac
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Acknowledgements Committee: Mark Ge
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Introduction The problem of predict
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Ab initio methods attempt to model
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potential for simplification, motio
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Chapter 1: The molecular motions da
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MolMovDB is a resource for studying
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voids in proteins, helix-helix pack
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A full-feature version of FIRST5 wi
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gradual transition from the initial
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energy. Thus the first residue list
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activity, DNA-directed DNA polymera
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homology table to an entry in the C
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Highlight active sites from the CSA
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Figure 1.3: Conformational change a
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particular, we found that hinges te
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and the holo. In this case it is po
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Our molecular motions database serv
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We first made a simple GOR(Garnier-
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The morph trajectory was sterically
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protein in the Jmol window to his/h
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of the hinge was otherwise unclear,
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Catalytic Sites Atlas (nonredundant
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! ! ! ! ! h c = number of times res
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! ! ! ! µ h " d c D # H . It is eq
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As mentioned earlier, the fact that
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STRIDE[50] recognizes secondary str
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! ! alignment at this position[24,
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To test this idea, we decided to ca
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GOR method is useful for predicting
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! HI active"site (i) as 0.4 for res
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lowered, and the area under the cur
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would be preferable to the other, o
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Discussion Correlations were found
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Sequence in the immediate neighborh
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Figures p-value 0.5 0.25 0 .01 PHE
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Figure 2.3: Secondary structure Res
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Figure 2.5: Conservation: full set
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Figure 2.7: Solvent accessible surf
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completely random predictor, with a
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samples 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 80
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m = distance from nearest residues
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Hinge All Hinge Residues residues R
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in hinge residues HI p-value 1 277
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Total resid. in Hinge Atlas 54839 H
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Chi- Computer annotated set Hinge A
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BMC: Bioinformatics, we present the
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hinges. Kundu et al. use the lowest
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Domains can move relative to each o
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The quantity ! E(i) represents the
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Identification of local minima As w
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compute FoldX_energy (stability of
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energy element of each cluster was
Page 121 and 122: At least two sets of atomic coordin
Page 123 and 124: ! FN (false negatives): Number of r
Page 125 and 126: We observed qualitatively (figures
Page 127 and 128: pairs of structures used to generat
Page 129 and 130: coordinate set does not significant
Page 131 and 132: The LIR family is composed of eight
Page 133 and 134: CaM is a major calcium-binding prot
Page 135 and 136: The results of running FlexOracle a
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.2: Results for individual
Page 139 and 140: a. 139
Page 141 and 142: Figure 3.3: Folylpolyglutamate Synt
Page 143 and 144: . c. 143
Page 145 and 146: a. 145
Page 147 and 148: Figure 3.5: Lir-1 (closed) Morph ID
Page 149 and 150: . c. 149
Page 151 and 152: a. 151
Page 153 and 154: Figure 3.7: Ribose binding protein
Page 155 and 156: . c. 155
Page 157 and 158: Tables GNM 157 Single-cut predictor
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 4: HingeMaster: normal mode
Page 161 and 162: The problem of hinge prediction is
Page 163 and 164: Translation Libration Screw Motion
Page 165 and 166: ! [ K] = [ U] " [ ] 2 [ U] T Where
Page 167 and 168: generated one ROC curve for each mo
Page 169 and 170: ! ! 1 (l " k) A(k,l) = 2 % ' $ C(i,
Page 171: however, since we found that the Co
Page 175 and 176: describe its net vibrational displa
Page 177 and 178: ! Because it cuts the backbone at t
Page 179 and 180: ! ! x HingeMaster = x" # y . [6] 2
Page 181 and 182: different values of ! " * and gener
Page 183 and 184: manually select domains and color p
Page 185 and 186: E. coli resides in the periplasmic
Page 187 and 188: The results for this protein are sh
Page 189 and 190: esidues (62). As is customary we al
Page 191 and 192: FlexOracle (FO) The FlexOracle algo
Page 193 and 194: extra breakpoints based on visual i
Page 195 and 196: hinge, it is usually predicted by a
Page 197 and 198: Supplementary methods Statistical t
Page 199 and 200: ! ! ! eigenvector. The resulting re
Page 201 and 202: TNC induces a conformational change
Page 203 and 204: possibility that unexpected results
Page 205 and 206: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl
Page 207 and 208: predicted both hinges, again with m
Page 209 and 210: Most predictors (including FO, Ston
Page 211 and 212: FO, hNMb, and hNMd were completely
Page 213 and 214: HingeMaster makes a strong predicti
Page 215 and 216: Figure 4.2: ROC curves for HingeMas
Page 217 and 218: Figure 4.3: HingeMaster results for
Page 219 and 220: d. e. 219
Page 221 and 222: 221
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Figure 4.5: Human lactoferrin (open
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Figure 4.6: Troponin C (TNC) Morph
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Figure 4.7: Calmodulin, calcium fre
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229
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Tables Predictor Basis Max. hinge p
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test true c positive positive sensi
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235 Closed Metal bound # of hinge p
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Chapter 5: The Conformation Explore
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ending, which involves a rigid regi
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lengths and angles)[89]. The equili
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for holo as well as apo forms, but
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queried using the “?” button. O
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coordinate. This phenomenon is know
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! At the end of each equilibration
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aborted. This marked the correspond
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sRMSD has a major limitation that m
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with respect to the starting struct
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generated structure with respect to
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Ribose Binding Protein (RBP) As des
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strikingly similar both to the holo
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energy minimization. The minimizati
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Figures Figure 5.1: Assignment of r
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Figure 5.3: Results for glutamine b
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Figure 5.4: Results for biotin carb
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Figure 5.6: Results for Adenylate K
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close to the holo. The structure wi
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Table 5.1: MolMovDB ID, PDB ID, fre
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with sRMSD; however its main utilit
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morph server, and left confident th
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9. M Gerstein RJ, T Johnson, J Tsai
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28. Wriggers W, Schulten K: Protein
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45. Dumontier M, Yao R, Feldman HJ,
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62. Thorpe MF, D.J. Jacobs, M.V. Ch
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81. Winn MD, Isupov MN, Murshudov G
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98. Morris GM, Goodsell DS, Hallida
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115. Miyazawa T: Normal Vibrations
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