Bulgaria - The social impact of seasonal migration

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Acknowledgements The research team is extremely grateful for the support of the IOM office in Sofia, and particularly to Iliana Derilova and Milla Mancheva, who provided advice, encouragement and assistance as well as the venue for the team’s regular biweekly meetings from January to September 2003. The team expresses gratitude to the IOM office in Vienna, and especially to Pier Rossi-Longhi and Martin Kunze as responsible for the overall co-ordination of the project. The precious help provided by a range of Bulgarian and foreign governmental, non-governmental and local institutions proved indispensable for preparing the report. The research team thanks especially Liliana Stankova from the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and all experts from the institutions which collaborated, namely the Bulgarian Ministry of Interior, the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Office of Border Police, the State Agency for the Bulgarians Abroad, the State Employment Agency, the State Agency for Refugees, the embassy of Afghanistan in Bulgaria, the embassy of Denmark in Bulgaria, the embassy of Bulgaria in the Netherlands, the municipalities of Kalofer, Kirkovo and Momchilgrad, the Refugee-Migrant Service at the Bulgarian Red Cross, the Rule of Law Programme at the Open Society Foundation-Sofia, the Legal Defence Programme for Refugees and Migrants of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, the Nadia Centre, the Youth Initiative for Dialogue and Development Foundation, and the Council of Refugee Women in Bulgaria. The team also gives thanks to the Red House – Sofia and De Balie, Centre for politics and culture, The Netherlands. At the same time, the research team states that this report does not necessarily express the official views of any of the abovementioned institutions. Conversations on migration issues with Irina Nedeva, Elena Jileva and Katia Iordanova proved particularly helpful for the completion of the report. Last but not least, the research team wishes to thank all of the interviewed migrants from Sofia, Kalofer, Kirkovo, Momchilgrad, Drangovo and Nanovitsa, as well as from Amsterdam and The Hague. 1
2 Contents: Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Historical overview - migration after WWII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.1. In-migration: 1944-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2. Out-migration: 1944-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3. Migration movements between 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Overall migration scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1. Emigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.1. Emigration scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.2. Out-Mobility – direction of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1.3. Trends in potential migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2. Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2.1. Immigration scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2.2. Refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3. Factors contributing to migration movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1. Factors contributing to emigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1.1. Push factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1.2. Pull factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3. Irregular migration, including trafficking and smuggling 40 in human beings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2. Factors contributing to immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4. Impact of migration movements on the subject society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.1. Impact of emigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.1.1. Positive impact – the growing remittances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2. Cultural impact of seasonal migration – does western culture 48 change the Bulgarian milieu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.3. Negative impact of emigration – brain drain, depopulation, 50 a negative image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.1.4. Impact of emigration on education and the social system . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Page 1 and 2: Migration Trends in Selected Applic
Page 3 and 4: This country report on Migration Tr
Page 5 and 6: IV factors is extremely high. The g
Page 7 and 8: VI foreigners has already reached 2
Page 9: VIII in literature and statistics.
Page 13 and 14: 4 Executive Summary The report foll
Page 15 and 16: 6 greater attractiveness as a final
Page 17 and 18: 8 Measures undertaken by the Bulgar
Page 19 and 20: 10 1. Historical Overview - Migrati
Page 21 and 22: 12 a) The emigration of Bulgarian T
Page 23 and 24: 14 since the late 1950s their numbe
Page 25 and 26: 16 2. Overall migration scales in t
Page 27 and 28: 18 The NSI declares that its expert
Page 29 and 30: 20 World Bulgaria mentions also tha
Page 31 and 32: 22 2.1.2. Out- Mobility - direction
Page 33 and 34: 24 Data from IOM surveys on the pro
Page 35 and 36: 26 Although not representative for
Page 37 and 38: 28 who stated they would wait for a
Page 39 and 40: 30 Data from a survey done in May 2
Page 41 and 42: 32 granted by the Bureau of the UNH
Page 43 and 44: 34 There are a few Afghan immigrant
Page 45 and 46: 36 Afghanistan, Iraq, Armenia, Yugo
Page 47 and 48: 38 An identical percentage of labou
Page 49 and 50: 40 migration with around one-fifth
Page 51 and 52: 42 "Dutch" quarter in Ardino, where
Page 53 and 54: 44 irregular Bulgarian migrants in
Page 55 and 56: 46 In 1998-2002, the Danish Embassy
Page 57 and 58: 48 4. Impact of migration movements
Page 59 and 60: 50 because seasonal migrants from M
Page 61 and 62:
52 Another impact of the increased
Page 63 and 64:
54 show that we, the Bulgarians, ar
Page 65 and 66:
56 hurt by racist remarks of doctor
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58 5. Migration policy, legislation
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60 Human Rights and Fundamental Fre
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62 • The statute also reflects th
Page 73 and 74:
64 - prohibition to enter the Repub
Page 75 and 76:
66 EU member-state and a third coun
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68 implementing the government’s
Page 79 and 80:
70 - The foreign national has speci
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72 - The applicant has submitted do
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74 At the same time, attempts are m
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76 6. Integration policies and prac
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78 6.2. Integration of immigrants a
Page 89 and 90:
80 families, but here they are not
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82 agencies, newspaper articles and
Page 93 and 94:
84 (Weltanschauung) that leads to t
Page 95 and 96:
86 Bibliography Agency for Socioeco
Page 97 and 98:
88 Appendix 1 Tables Table A1. LEVE
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90 Appendix 2 Map
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Appendix 4 Graphs Graph 1: Number o
Page 104 and 105:
Graph 6: Applicants for refugee sta
Page 106:
Sharing Experience… Accession to
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