The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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Minimum rectal temperature The minimum rectal temperature during the first four hours of night time sleep gradual falls in the infant group. Figure 4.5 shows a minimum temperature of 36.65 o C at 5 weeks of age on average for the group. During weeks 10 to 12 the minimum core body temperature is able to drop consistently below the critical level of 36.5 o C to 36.37 o C, which shows infant physiological maturity in terms of temperature. This minimum level once achieved remains for subsequent weeks 13 to 18, in the infant group. 108
Mean minimum rectal temperature in first 5 hours (deg C) 36.80 36.70 36.60 36.50 36.40 36.30 36.20 36.10 5 6 7 8 9 10 109 11 12 Age (weeks) Figure 4.5 - Average minimum rectal temperature during overnight sleep in the study group of infants displaying the gradual change with postnatal age. 13 14 15 16 17 18
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 Methods
Page 69 and 70: There were strict inclusion and exc
Page 71 and 72: This personal contact on the postna
Page 73 and 74: 2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
Page 75 and 76: 2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
Page 77 and 78: Core body temperature was taken sim
Page 79 and 80: 2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
Page 81 and 82: were read against air at 429 nm aft
Page 83 and 84: allowed the display and comprehensi
Page 85 and 86: 2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
Page 87 and 88: In total three methods were trialle
Page 89 and 90: 2.11 Statistical methods For compar
Page 91 and 92: test that each infant‟s height an
Page 93 and 94: Power calculation Sample size: Fift
Page 95 and 96: 3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
Page 97 and 98: predominantly affluent areas of the
Page 99 and 100: Birth history and past medical hist
Page 101 and 102: 3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
Page 103 and 104: her best friend losing her battle w
Page 105 and 106: Sleep environment of infants All mo
Page 107 and 108: Summary 1. This study had higher ra
Page 109 and 110: 4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
Page 111 and 112: Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
Page 113 and 114: 11-13 weeks There is no significant
Page 115 and 116: Core body temperature (degrees Cels
Page 117: Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
Page 121 and 122: Mean minimum rectal temperature in
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 5 Result
Page 127 and 128: 4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
Page 131 and 132: 5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 133 and 134: Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
Page 137 and 138: Night-day difference in melatonin s
Page 139 and 140: Summary 1. There is an increase in
Page 141 and 142: 6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
Page 145 and 146: 6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 147 and 148: Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 151 and 152: Cortisol values were corrected to a
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4 Relationship between night an
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Results
Page 157 and 158: Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
Page 159 and 160: Sleep parameters were recorded as m
Page 161 and 162: 7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
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Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
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Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
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Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
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Chapter 8 Results
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Considering only those weeks of mea
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8.2 Description of peripheral gene
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18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
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The weeks after temperature maturat
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Further peripheral gene graphical r
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Raw data points are represented by
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H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
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8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
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Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
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9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
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Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
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Chapter 11 Discussion
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� What if any are the factors whi
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11.1 Physiological development - ag
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There are other proven factors whic
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drawbacks of the spread of data - a
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presented in table 6.1 do not have
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separate methods were applied to th
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significant. Sleep latency was cons
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The function of sleep in developmen
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Melatonin secretion was higher on n
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In this study sleeping in the same
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Timing of sleep maturation was diff
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systematic, ordered developmental p
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individual gene plots that provide
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temperature recording devices adapt
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Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
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Extension of this period of monitor
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Second, we demonstrated the gene of
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Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
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Summary and Future work This study
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� Maximise technique for measurin
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“There is a science of infant car
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References
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Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
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Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
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Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
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intrahypothalamic administration of
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Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
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Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
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Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
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Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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