Blackwell, C.C., Moscovis, S.M., Gordon, A.E., Madani, O.M., Hall, S.T., Gleeson, M., Scott, R.J., Roberts-Thomson, J., Weir, D.M., Busuttil, A., 2004. Ethnicity, <strong>in</strong>fection and sudden <strong>in</strong>fant death syndrome. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 42, 53-65. Blair, P.S., Platt, M.W., Smith, I.J., Flem<strong>in</strong>g, P.J., 2006. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the time <strong>of</strong> death: factors associated with night-time and day-time deaths. International journal <strong>of</strong> epidemiology. 35, 1563-1569. Bojkowski, C.J., Arendt, J., Shih, M.C., Markey, S.P., 1987. Melaton<strong>in</strong> secretion <strong>in</strong> humans assessed by measur<strong>in</strong>g its metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelaton<strong>in</strong>. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical chemistry. 33, 1343- 1348. Borbély, A.A & Achermann, P., 1999. Sleep homeostasis and models <strong>of</strong> sleep regulation. Journal <strong>of</strong> Biological <strong>Rhythms</strong>. 14, 557-568. Brady, J., 1979. Biological clocks. Edward Arnold. Bravo, E.L., 1989. Physiology <strong>of</strong> the adrenal cortex. <strong>The</strong> Urologic cl<strong>in</strong>ics <strong>of</strong> North America. 16, 433-437. Brown, S.A., Kunz, D., Dumas, A., Westermark, P.O., Vanselow, K., Tilmann-Wahnschaffe, A., Herzel, H., Kramer, A., 2008. Molecular <strong>in</strong>sights <strong>in</strong>to human daily behaviour. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> the National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences. 105, 1602. Brown, S.A., Zumbrunn, G., Fleury-Olela, F., Preitner, N., Schibler, U., 2002. <strong>Rhythms</strong> <strong>of</strong> mammalian body temperature can susta<strong>in</strong> peripheral circadian clocks. Current Biology. 12, 1574-1583. Brown, P.J., Christmas, B.F., Ford, R.P., 1992. Tak<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>fant's temperature: axillary or rectal thermometer? <strong>The</strong> New Zealand medical journal. 105, 309-311. Buijs, R.M. & Kalsbeek, A., 2001. Hypothalamic <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> central and peripheral clocks. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2, 521-526. Card<strong>in</strong>ali, D.P. & Pévet, P., 1998. Basic aspects <strong>of</strong> melaton<strong>in</strong> action. Sleep Medic<strong>in</strong>e Reviews. 2, 175-190.
Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D, Sandwell M., 2005. <strong>Development</strong>al anatomy and physiology <strong>of</strong> children: a practical approach. Churchill Liv<strong>in</strong>gstone. Cheng, M.Y., Bullock, C.M., Li, C., Lee, A.G., Bermak, J.C., Belluzzi, J., Weaver, D.R., Leslie, F.M., Zhou, Q.Y., 2002. Prok<strong>in</strong>etic<strong>in</strong> 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm <strong>of</strong> the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature. 417, 405-410. Claustrat, B., Brun, J., Chazot, G., 2005. <strong>The</strong> basic physiology and pathophysiology <strong>of</strong> melaton<strong>in</strong>. Sleep medic<strong>in</strong>e reviews. 9, 11-24. Coons, S., Guillem<strong>in</strong>ault, C., 1984. <strong>Development</strong> <strong>of</strong> consolidated sleep and wakeful periods <strong>in</strong> relation to the day/night cycle <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fancy. <strong>Development</strong>al Medic<strong>in</strong>e & Child Neurology. 26, 169-176. Corney, R.H., 1988. <strong>Development</strong> and use <strong>of</strong> a short self-rat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>strument to screen for psychosocial disorder. <strong>The</strong> Journal <strong>of</strong> the Royal College <strong>of</strong> General Practitioners. 38, 263- 266. Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., Sagovsky, R., 1987. Detection <strong>of</strong> postnatal depression. <strong>Development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the 10-item Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh Postnatal Depression Scale. <strong>The</strong> British journal <strong>of</strong> psychiatry. 150, 782-786. Craig, J.V., Lancaster, G.A., Taylor, S., Williamson, P.R., Smyth, R.L., 2002. Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry <strong>in</strong> children: a systematic review. <strong>The</strong> Lancet. 360, 603-609. Curzi-Dascalova, L. & Mirmiran, M., 1996. Manual <strong>of</strong> methods for record<strong>in</strong>g and analyz<strong>in</strong>g sleep-wakefulness states <strong>in</strong> preterm and full-term <strong>in</strong>fant. 1st ed. Paris: Insem. Damiola, F., Le M<strong>in</strong>h, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B., Fleury-Olela, F., Schibler, U., 2000. Restricted feed<strong>in</strong>g uncouples circadian oscillators <strong>in</strong> peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker <strong>in</strong> the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes & development. 14, 2950. Davies, D.P. & Gantley, M., 1994. Ethnicity and the aetiology <strong>of</strong> sudden <strong>in</strong>fant death syndrome. British Medical Journal. 70, 349-353.
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
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Night-day difference in melatonin s
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Summary 1. There is an increase in
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6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
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Figure 6.1 - Changes in night time
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6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 6.4 - Changes in night time
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Cortisol values were corrected to a
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6.1.4 Relationship between night an
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Chapter 7 Results
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Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
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Sleep parameters were recorded as m
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7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
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Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
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Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
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Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
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Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
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Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
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Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
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Chapter 8 Results
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Considering only those weeks of mea
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8.2 Description of peripheral gene
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18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
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The weeks after temperature maturat
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Further peripheral gene graphical r
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Raw data points are represented by
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H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
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8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
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Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
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9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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- Page 221 and 222: drawbacks of the spread of data - a
- Page 223 and 224: presented in table 6.1 do not have
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- Page 251 and 252: Summary and Future work This study
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- Page 255 and 256: “There is a science of infant car
- Page 257 and 258: References
- Page 259: Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
- Page 263 and 264: Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
- Page 265 and 266: intrahypothalamic administration of
- Page 267 and 268: Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
- Page 269 and 270: Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
- Page 271 and 272: Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
- Page 273 and 274: Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c