The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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The distribution of the day time cortisol as a percentage of the total occurs over a narrower range for each week of age studied, in comparison with the melatonin data where the variation is wider (See Figure 6.3). 136
Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing distribution of day time cortisol (unlogged values) as percentage of total cortisol secreted for 35 infants for each week of age studied (in weeks) 137
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
Page 95 and 96: 3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
Page 97 and 98: predominantly affluent areas of the
Page 99 and 100: Birth history and past medical hist
Page 101 and 102: 3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
Page 103 and 104: her best friend losing her battle w
Page 105 and 106: Sleep environment of infants All mo
Page 107 and 108: Summary 1. This study had higher ra
Page 109 and 110: 4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
Page 111 and 112: Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
Page 113 and 114: 11-13 weeks There is no significant
Page 115 and 116: Core body temperature (degrees Cels
Page 117 and 118: Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
Page 119 and 120: Mean minimum rectal temperature in
Page 121 and 122: Mean minimum rectal temperature in
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 5 Result
Page 127 and 128: 4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
Page 131 and 132: 5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 133 and 134: Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
Page 137 and 138: Night-day difference in melatonin s
Page 139 and 140: Summary 1. There is an increase in
Page 141 and 142: 6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
Page 145: 6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 151 and 152: Cortisol values were corrected to a
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4 Relationship between night an
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Results
Page 157 and 158: Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
Page 159 and 160: Sleep parameters were recorded as m
Page 161 and 162: 7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
Page 171 and 172: Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
Page 173 and 174: Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 8 Results
Page 177 and 178: Considering only those weeks of mea
Page 179 and 180: 8.2 Description of peripheral gene
Page 181 and 182: 18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
Page 183 and 184: The weeks after temperature maturat
Page 185 and 186: Further peripheral gene graphical r
Page 187 and 188: Raw data points are represented by
Page 189 and 190: H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
Page 191 and 192: 8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
Page 193 and 194: Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
Page 195 and 196: 9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
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Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
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Chapter 11 Discussion
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� What if any are the factors whi
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11.1 Physiological development - ag
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There are other proven factors whic
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drawbacks of the spread of data - a
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presented in table 6.1 do not have
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separate methods were applied to th
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significant. Sleep latency was cons
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The function of sleep in developmen
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Melatonin secretion was higher on n
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In this study sleeping in the same
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Timing of sleep maturation was diff
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systematic, ordered developmental p
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individual gene plots that provide
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temperature recording devices adapt
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Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
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Extension of this period of monitor
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Second, we demonstrated the gene of
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Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
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Summary and Future work This study
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� Maximise technique for measurin
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“There is a science of infant car
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References
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Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
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Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
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Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
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intrahypothalamic administration of
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Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
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Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
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Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
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Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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