The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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occur? What influences them? How do we minimise the impact of an external „insult‟ and ensure an appropriate achievement of a mature stable infant physiology? The next section will focus on the normal patterns of physiological development previously studied in human infants and will seek to examine the factors which are known to affect them. 6
Summary 1. Development encompasses a range of physiological, biological and social changes in humans that move the individual from a simple to a more complex organism. 2. Development is ordered, occurs in all organisms and is sequential and irreversible. 3. Although the order remains the same, the rate of maturation is different and is under the influence of internal and external factors. 4. Infancy is a critical period of development due to the complexity and rapidity of the changes which occur. 7
Page 1 and 2: The Development of Circadian Rhythm
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
Page 5 and 6: 7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
Page 13 and 14: Each of these independently is impo
Page 15: There is general agreement, that al
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
Page 21 and 22: A phase shift is used to describe a
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
Page 25 and 26: 1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
Page 27 and 28: 1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
Page 29 and 30: 1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
Page 31 and 32: mechanism by which this occurs is n
Page 33 and 34: It is at this time that infant slee
Page 35 and 36: 1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
Page 37 and 38: 1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
Page 39 and 40: In a separate study, Weerth et al u
Page 41 and 42: Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
Page 43 and 44: NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
Page 45 and 46: 1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
Page 47 and 48: 1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
Page 49 and 50: Sleep can clearly be used as marker
Page 51 and 52: For the purpose of this study, the
Page 53 and 54: Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
Page 55 and 56: Overall the SCN generates signals (
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
Page 59 and 60: 1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
Page 63 and 64: 1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
Page 65 and 66: The links between the central clock
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
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Night-day difference in melatonin s
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Summary 1. There is an increase in
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6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
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Page 145 and 146:
6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Cortisol values were corrected to a
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6.1.4 Relationship between night an
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Chapter 7 Results
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Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
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Sleep parameters were recorded as m
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7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
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Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
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Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
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Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
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Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
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Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
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Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
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Chapter 8 Results
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Considering only those weeks of mea
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8.2 Description of peripheral gene
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18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
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The weeks after temperature maturat
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Further peripheral gene graphical r
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Raw data points are represented by
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H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
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8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
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Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
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9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
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Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
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Chapter 11 Discussion
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� What if any are the factors whi
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11.1 Physiological development - ag
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There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222:
drawbacks of the spread of data - a
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presented in table 6.1 do not have
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separate methods were applied to th
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significant. Sleep latency was cons
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The function of sleep in developmen
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Melatonin secretion was higher on n
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In this study sleeping in the same
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Timing of sleep maturation was diff
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systematic, ordered developmental p
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individual gene plots that provide
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temperature recording devices adapt
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Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
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Extension of this period of monitor
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Second, we demonstrated the gene of
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Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
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Summary and Future work This study
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� Maximise technique for measurin
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“There is a science of infant car
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References
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Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
Page 261 and 262:
Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
Page 263 and 264:
Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
Page 265 and 266:
intrahypothalamic administration of
Page 267 and 268:
Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
Page 269 and 270:
Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
Page 271 and 272:
Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
Page 273 and 274:
Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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