The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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Onishi, S., Miyazawa, G., Nishimura, Y., Sugiyama, S., Yamakawa, T., Inagaki, H., Katoh, T., Itoh, S., 1983. Postnatal development of circadian rhythm in serum cortisol levels in children. Pediatrics. 72, 399-404. Oster, H., Damerow, S., Hut, R.A., Eichele, G., 2006. Transcriptional profiling in the adrenal gland reveals circadian regulation of hormone biosynthesis genes and nucleosome assembly genes. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 21, 350-361. Pando, M.P., Morse, D., Cermakian, N., Sassone-Corsi, P., 2002. Phenotypic rescue of a peripheral clock genetic defect via SCN hierarchical dominance. Cell. 110, 107-117. Paquet, J., Kawinska, A., Carrier, J., 2007. Wake detection capacity of actigraphy during sleep. Sleep. 30, 1362-1369. Petersen, S.A., Anderson, E.S., Lodemore, M., Rawson, D., Wailoo, M.P., 1991. Sleeping position and rectal temperature. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 66, 976-979. Petersen, S.A., Atkinson, C., Davies, T., Wailoo, M.P., 1994. Relationship between daily rhythms of rectal temperature and cortisol excretion in human infants. Journal of Physiology. 47, 83. Petersen, S.A. & Wailoo, M.P., 1994. Interactions between infant care practices and physiological development in Asian infants. Early human development. 38, 181-186. Phillips, L. & Appleton, R.E., 2004. Systematic review of melatonin treatment in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and sleep impairment. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 46, 771-775. Preitner, N., Damiola, F., Zakany, J., Duboule, D., Albrecht, U., Schibler, U., 2002. The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBα controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell. 110, 251-260. Price, D.A., Close, G.C., Fielding, B.A., 1983. Age of appearance of circadian rhythm in salivary cortisol values in infancy. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 58, 454-456.
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
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Night-day difference in melatonin s
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Summary 1. There is an increase in
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6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
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6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Cortisol values were corrected to a
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6.1.4 Relationship between night an
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Chapter 7 Results
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Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
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Sleep parameters were recorded as m
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7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
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Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
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Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
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Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
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Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
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Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
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Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
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Chapter 8 Results
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Considering only those weeks of mea
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8.2 Description of peripheral gene
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18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
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The weeks after temperature maturat
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Further peripheral gene graphical r
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Raw data points are represented by
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H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
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8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
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Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
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9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
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Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
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Chapter 11 Discussion
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� What if any are the factors whi
Page 217 and 218: 11.1 Physiological development - ag
Page 219 and 220: There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222: drawbacks of the spread of data - a
Page 223 and 224: presented in table 6.1 do not have
Page 225 and 226: separate methods were applied to th
Page 227 and 228: significant. Sleep latency was cons
Page 229 and 230: The function of sleep in developmen
Page 231 and 232: Melatonin secretion was higher on n
Page 233 and 234: In this study sleeping in the same
Page 235 and 236: Timing of sleep maturation was diff
Page 237 and 238: systematic, ordered developmental p
Page 239 and 240: individual gene plots that provide
Page 241 and 242: temperature recording devices adapt
Page 243 and 244: Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
Page 245 and 246: Extension of this period of monitor
Page 247 and 248: Second, we demonstrated the gene of
Page 249 and 250: Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
Page 251 and 252: Summary and Future work This study
Page 253 and 254: � Maximise technique for measurin
Page 255 and 256: “There is a science of infant car
Page 257 and 258: References
Page 259 and 260: Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
Page 261 and 262: Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
Page 263 and 264: Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
Page 265 and 266: intrahypothalamic administration of
Page 267: Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
Page 271 and 272: Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
Page 273 and 274: Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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