The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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Description of constant factors on night time melatonin secretion Singly, several factors which were examined for their effect on night time melatonin secretion showed no independent effect. They included � Gender � Birth order � Weight � Social class � Maternal age � Feeding method There was an observed trend for an episode of illness during the week of melatonin estimation to decrease melatonin secretion (Table 9.4). Night time melatonin values when well have a 2.3 ratio increase than when unwell. Being from the poorest social class also had a deleterious effect on melatonin (Table 9.5). Table 9.4 - Effect of infant episode of illness in postnatal period on night time melatonin secretion Dependent variable: Night time melatonin secretion after temperature maturity achieved (weeks) Covariate Ratio of increase 95 % Confidence Interval p value well vs. illness episode 2.30 0.98 to 5.41 0.055 Table 9.5 - Effect of socioeconomic status of family on night time melatonin secretion of infants Dependent variable: Night time melatonin secretion after temperature maturity achieved Covariate Ratio of increase * Socioeconomic categories Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 † Class 4 Class 5 † Class 6 Class 7 * 0.691 0.726 5.188 0.216 190 95 % Confidence Interval p value 0.266 to 1.799 0.294 to 1.0791 0.942 to 28.183 0.078 to 0.601 0.432 0.470 0.058 0.005
* Class 7 used as reference group † No cases fall into this category NB ratio increase factor < 1 is actually represents a decrease Description of variable factors on night time melatonin secretion The following describes the factors which varied according to changes in the infant care routine for that night or linked to the sleep environment of the infant analysed for their effect on night time melatonin secretion. For factors which changed throughout the period of the study as the infant got older; such as use of sleeping bag or room/place of night time sleep, the mode category was selected (most common for that infant during study period). For example, an infant placed in its own room for 3 out of 4 nights of study was coded as having slept most commonly in its own room as opposed to room sharing with his parents. 191
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
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Night-day difference in melatonin s
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Summary 1. There is an increase in
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6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
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Figure 6.1 - Changes in night time
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6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.4 - Changes in night time
Page 151 and 152: Cortisol values were corrected to a
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4 Relationship between night an
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Results
Page 157 and 158: Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
Page 159 and 160: Sleep parameters were recorded as m
Page 161 and 162: 7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
Page 171 and 172: Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
Page 173 and 174: Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 8 Results
Page 177 and 178: Considering only those weeks of mea
Page 179 and 180: 8.2 Description of peripheral gene
Page 181 and 182: 18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
Page 183 and 184: The weeks after temperature maturat
Page 185 and 186: Further peripheral gene graphical r
Page 187 and 188: Raw data points are represented by
Page 189 and 190: H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
Page 191 and 192: 8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
Page 193 and 194: Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
Page 195 and 196: 9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
Page 197 and 198: Care and infant related factors �
Page 199: Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
Page 205 and 206: Summary: 1. A mature physiological
Page 207 and 208: 10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
Page 209 and 210: value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
Page 211 and 212: Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 11 Discussion
Page 215 and 216: � What if any are the factors whi
Page 217 and 218: 11.1 Physiological development - ag
Page 219 and 220: There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222: drawbacks of the spread of data - a
Page 223 and 224: presented in table 6.1 do not have
Page 225 and 226: separate methods were applied to th
Page 227 and 228: significant. Sleep latency was cons
Page 229 and 230: The function of sleep in developmen
Page 231 and 232: Melatonin secretion was higher on n
Page 233 and 234: In this study sleeping in the same
Page 235 and 236: Timing of sleep maturation was diff
Page 237 and 238: systematic, ordered developmental p
Page 239 and 240: individual gene plots that provide
Page 241 and 242: temperature recording devices adapt
Page 243 and 244: Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
Page 245 and 246: Extension of this period of monitor
Page 247 and 248: Second, we demonstrated the gene of
Page 249 and 250: Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
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Summary and Future work This study
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� Maximise technique for measurin
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“There is a science of infant car
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References
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Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
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Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
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Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
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intrahypothalamic administration of
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Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
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Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
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Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
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Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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