The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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Tuffnell, C.S., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo, M.P., 1995. Factors affecting rectal temperature in infancy. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 73, 443-446. van der Helm-van Mil, A., van Someren, E.J.W., van den Boom, R., van Buchem, M.A., de Craen, A.J.M., Blauw, G.J., 2003. No influence of melatonin on cerebral blood flow in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88, 5989-5984. Vermes, I., Dohanics, J., Toth, G., Pongracz, J., 1980. Maturation of the circadian rhythm of the adrenocortical functions in human neonates and infants. Hormone research. 12, 237-244. Vijayalaxmi Jr, C.R.T., Reiter, R.J., Herman, T.S., 2002. Melatonin: from basic research to cancer treatment clinics. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 20, 2575. Wailoo, M.P., Petersen, S.A., Whittaker, H., Goodenough, P., 1989. Sleeping body temperatures in 3-4 month old infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 64, 596-599. Wailoo, M.P., Westaway, J.A., Joseph, D., Petersen, S.A., Davies, T., Thompson, J.R., 2003. Overnight deep body temperature and urinary cortisol excretion in infants from economically deprived areas. Child: Care, Health and Development. 29, 473-480. Weinert, D., Sitka, U., Minors, D.S., Waterhouse, J.M., 1994. The development of circadian rhythmicity in neonates. Early human development. 36, 117-126. Welsh, D.K., Yoo, S.H., Liu, A.C., Takahashi, J.S., Kay, S.A., 2004. Bioluminescence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Current Biology. 14, 2289-2295. Westaway, J., Atkinson, C.M., Davies, T., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo, M.P., 1995. Urinary excretion of cortisol after immunisation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 72, 432-434. Whitney, M.P. & Thoman, E.B., 1993. Early sleep patterns of premature infants are differentially related to later developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 14, 71-80. Winberg, J., 2005. Mother and newborn baby: mutual regulation of physiology and behavior- -a selective review. Developmental psychobiology. 47, 217-229.
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
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Night-day difference in melatonin s
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Summary 1. There is an increase in
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6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
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6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Cortisol values were corrected to a
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6.1.4 Relationship between night an
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Chapter 7 Results
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Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
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Sleep parameters were recorded as m
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7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
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Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
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Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
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Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
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Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
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Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
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Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
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Chapter 8 Results
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Considering only those weeks of mea
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8.2 Description of peripheral gene
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18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
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The weeks after temperature maturat
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Further peripheral gene graphical r
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Raw data points are represented by
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H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
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8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
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Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
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9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
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Care and infant related factors �
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Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
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* Class 7 used as reference group
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Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
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Summary: 1. A mature physiological
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10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
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value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
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Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
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Chapter 11 Discussion
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� What if any are the factors whi
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11.1 Physiological development - ag
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There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222: drawbacks of the spread of data - a
Page 223 and 224: presented in table 6.1 do not have
Page 225 and 226: separate methods were applied to th
Page 227 and 228: significant. Sleep latency was cons
Page 229 and 230: The function of sleep in developmen
Page 231 and 232: Melatonin secretion was higher on n
Page 233 and 234: In this study sleeping in the same
Page 235 and 236: Timing of sleep maturation was diff
Page 237 and 238: systematic, ordered developmental p
Page 239 and 240: individual gene plots that provide
Page 241 and 242: temperature recording devices adapt
Page 243 and 244: Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
Page 245 and 246: Extension of this period of monitor
Page 247 and 248: Second, we demonstrated the gene of
Page 249 and 250: Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
Page 251 and 252: Summary and Future work This study
Page 253 and 254: � Maximise technique for measurin
Page 255 and 256: “There is a science of infant car
Page 257 and 258: References
Page 259 and 260: Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
Page 261 and 262: Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
Page 263 and 264: Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
Page 265 and 266: intrahypothalamic administration of
Page 267 and 268: Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
Page 269 and 270: Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
Page 271: Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
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The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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