The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 6.2 - Changes in urinary day time cortisol excretion (unlogged data) in 35 infants between 5 and 18 weeks of age. 134
6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm for cortisol secretion As for melatonin, the first appearance of a diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion was characterised by the age when greater than fifty percent of the total cortisol was secreted during the morning period (Sivan & Laudon, 2001). Apart from a value of 43% at 14 weeks of age, consistently more cortisol was produced during day hours from 6 weeks of age till 17 weeks of age (3 weeks earlier than data for night time melatonin production). These results are summarised in table 6.1. Units cortisol measured in nmol.l -1 .mg.ml -1 Age Mean N Min. (%) Max. Std. Deviation Std. Error of (weeks) (%) (%) (%) Mean (%) 5 45.73 1 46 46 6 59.28 6 11 89 28.881 11.791 7 65.25 19 24 89 17.539 4.024 8 61.11 21 5 94 22.860 4.989 9 57.51 17 7 86 25.181 6.107 10 62.69 21 20 85 16.659 3.635 11 50.94 14 1 85 26.865 7.180 12 63.41 19 38 95 14.568 3.342 13 62.91 18 10 84 21.519 5.072 14 43.49 6 12 79 26.961 11.007 15 65.23 5 51 86 13.489 6.032 16 61.70 4 21 80 27.284 13.642 17 64.09 2 58 70 8.878 6.278 18 62.73 1 63 63 Total 60.35 154 1 95 21.073 1.698 Table 6.1 - Distribution of day time (unlogged values) cortisol secretion as a percentage of total cortisol (day plus night cortisol) for 34 infants for each week of age studied 135
Page 1 and 2:
The Development of Circadian Rhythm
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
Page 5 and 6:
7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
Page 7 and 8:
List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
Page 9 and 10:
List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
Page 11 and 12:
1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
Page 13 and 14:
Each of these independently is impo
Page 15 and 16:
There is general agreement, that al
Page 17 and 18:
Summary 1. Development encompasses
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
Page 21 and 22:
A phase shift is used to describe a
Page 23 and 24:
1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
Page 25 and 26:
1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
Page 27 and 28:
1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
Page 29 and 30:
1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
Page 31 and 32:
mechanism by which this occurs is n
Page 33 and 34:
It is at this time that infant slee
Page 35 and 36:
1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
Page 37 and 38:
1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
Page 39 and 40:
In a separate study, Weerth et al u
Page 41 and 42:
Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
Page 43 and 44:
NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
Page 45 and 46:
1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
Page 47 and 48:
1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
Page 49 and 50:
Sleep can clearly be used as marker
Page 51 and 52:
For the purpose of this study, the
Page 53 and 54:
Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
Page 55 and 56:
Overall the SCN generates signals (
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
Page 59 and 60:
1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
Page 63 and 64:
1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
Page 65 and 66:
The links between the central clock
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 2 Methods
Page 69 and 70:
There were strict inclusion and exc
Page 71 and 72:
This personal contact on the postna
Page 73 and 74:
2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
Page 75 and 76:
2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
Page 77 and 78:
Core body temperature was taken sim
Page 79 and 80:
2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
Page 81 and 82:
were read against air at 429 nm aft
Page 83 and 84:
allowed the display and comprehensi
Page 85 and 86:
2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
Page 87 and 88:
In total three methods were trialle
Page 89 and 90:
2.11 Statistical methods For compar
Page 91 and 92:
test that each infant‟s height an
Page 93 and 94: Power calculation Sample size: Fift
Page 95 and 96: 3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
Page 97 and 98: predominantly affluent areas of the
Page 99 and 100: Birth history and past medical hist
Page 101 and 102: 3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
Page 103 and 104: her best friend losing her battle w
Page 105 and 106: Sleep environment of infants All mo
Page 107 and 108: Summary 1. This study had higher ra
Page 109 and 110: 4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
Page 111 and 112: Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
Page 113 and 114: 11-13 weeks There is no significant
Page 115 and 116: Core body temperature (degrees Cels
Page 117 and 118: Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
Page 119 and 120: Mean minimum rectal temperature in
Page 121 and 122: Mean minimum rectal temperature in
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 5 Result
Page 127 and 128: 4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
Page 131 and 132: 5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 133 and 134: Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
Page 137 and 138: Night-day difference in melatonin s
Page 139 and 140: Summary 1. There is an increase in
Page 141 and 142: 6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
Page 143: Figure 6.1 - Changes in night time
Page 147 and 148: Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.4 - Changes in night time
Page 151 and 152: Cortisol values were corrected to a
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4 Relationship between night an
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Results
Page 157 and 158: Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
Page 159 and 160: Sleep parameters were recorded as m
Page 161 and 162: 7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
Page 171 and 172: Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
Page 173 and 174: Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 8 Results
Page 177 and 178: Considering only those weeks of mea
Page 179 and 180: 8.2 Description of peripheral gene
Page 181 and 182: 18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
Page 183 and 184: The weeks after temperature maturat
Page 185 and 186: Further peripheral gene graphical r
Page 187 and 188: Raw data points are represented by
Page 189 and 190: H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b
Page 191 and 192: 8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
Page 193 and 194: Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
Page 195 and 196:
9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
Page 197 and 198:
Care and infant related factors �
Page 199 and 200:
Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
Page 201 and 202:
* Class 7 used as reference group
Page 203 and 204:
Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
Page 205 and 206:
Summary: 1. A mature physiological
Page 207 and 208:
10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
Page 209 and 210:
value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
Page 211 and 212:
Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 11 Discussion
Page 215 and 216:
� What if any are the factors whi
Page 217 and 218:
11.1 Physiological development - ag
Page 219 and 220:
There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222:
drawbacks of the spread of data - a
Page 223 and 224:
presented in table 6.1 do not have
Page 225 and 226:
separate methods were applied to th
Page 227 and 228:
significant. Sleep latency was cons
Page 229 and 230:
The function of sleep in developmen
Page 231 and 232:
Melatonin secretion was higher on n
Page 233 and 234:
In this study sleeping in the same
Page 235 and 236:
Timing of sleep maturation was diff
Page 237 and 238:
systematic, ordered developmental p
Page 239 and 240:
individual gene plots that provide
Page 241 and 242:
temperature recording devices adapt
Page 243 and 244:
Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
Page 245 and 246:
Extension of this period of monitor
Page 247 and 248:
Second, we demonstrated the gene of
Page 249 and 250:
Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
Page 251 and 252:
Summary and Future work This study
Page 253 and 254:
� Maximise technique for measurin
Page 255 and 256:
“There is a science of infant car
Page 257 and 258:
References
Page 259 and 260:
Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
Page 261 and 262:
Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
Page 263 and 264:
Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
Page 265 and 266:
intrahypothalamic administration of
Page 267 and 268:
Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
Page 269 and 270:
Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
Page 271 and 272:
Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
Page 273 and 274:
Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
show all

The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?