The Development of Circadian Rhythms in Human Infants

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deepened with subsequent measurements. This may in some way be linked to aspects of infant physiology. Inevitably, the cycle did not always persist. 178
H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 16003 9 wks, rhythm= 0 amp= 0.016 peak hour= 18.8 Rsq= 0.18 Pval= 0.68 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 16003 10 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.04 peak hour= 14.2 Rsq= 0.45 Pval= 0.226 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 16003 11 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.05 peak hour= 14.7 Rsq= 0.87 Pval= 0.127 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 16003 12 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.033 peak hour= 23.5 Rsq= 0.43 Pval= 0.245 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 179 H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap H3f3b/Gap 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 16003 13 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.043 peak hour= 22.8 Rsq= 0.63 Pval= 0.082 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 16003 14 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.031 peak hour= 23.9 Rsq= 0.63 Pval= 0.139 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Hours 16003 15 wks, rhythm= 1 amp= 0.024 peak hour= 23.9 Rsq= 0.32 Pval= 0.384 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Legend indicates infant i.d., postnatal age in weeks, amp which is amplitude of clock gene expression, peak hour which is time of highest amplitude over 24 hour period, Rsq which is R squared a measure of goodness of fit to sinusoidal curve. Figure 8.2 - H3f3b/GAP peripheral gene profile for infants 16003 showing lines of best fit to sinusoidal curve. Hours
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The Development of Circadian Rhythm
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .
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7.1 Analysis of infant sleep measur
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Diagra
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List of Tables Table 3.1 - Descript
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1 Introduction Happiness is not a m
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Each of these independently is impo
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There is general agreement, that al
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Summary 1. Development encompasses
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Figure 1.1 - Diagram illustrating c
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A phase shift is used to describe a
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1.4 Ontogeny in Human Infants Well
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1.5.2 Circadian Rhythms in Temperat
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1.5.4 Factors affecting Temperature
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1.6 Melatonin (Reviewed in Cardinal
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mechanism by which this occurs is n
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It is at this time that infant slee
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1.7 Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone,
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1.7.3 Circadian pattern of Cortisol
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In a separate study, Weerth et al u
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Summary 1. Cortisol is crucial to a
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NREM sleep has 4 stages. It occupie
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1.8.1 Functions of Sleep The functi
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1.8.3 Ontogeny of Sleep in Infants
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Sleep can clearly be used as marker
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For the purpose of this study, the
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Summary 1. Sleep is defined by lack
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Overall the SCN generates signals (
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Figure 1.2 - The mammalian circadia
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1.9.3 Molecular Components of the C
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Figure 1.3 - Mechanisms from SCN to
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1.9.7 Melatonin and Clock Melatonin
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The links between the central clock
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Chapter 2 Methods
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There were strict inclusion and exc
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This personal contact on the postna
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2.1.3 Home monitoring visits The fi
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2.1.4 Further monitoring informatio
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Core body temperature was taken sim
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2.3 Collection of urine samples Pai
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were read against air at 429 nm aft
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allowed the display and comprehensi
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2.8.1 RNA preparation and cDNA synt
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In total three methods were trialle
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2.11 Statistical methods For compar
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test that each infant‟s height an
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Power calculation Sample size: Fift
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3 Results 3.1 Recruited subjects an
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predominantly affluent areas of the
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Birth history and past medical hist
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3.1.3 Socioeconomic demographics of
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her best friend losing her battle w
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Sleep environment of infants All mo
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Summary 1. This study had higher ra
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4 Results 4.1 Core body temperature
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Degrees Celsius 36.70 36.60 36.50 3
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11-13 weeks There is no significant
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Core body temperature (degrees Cels
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Number of infants 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 8
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Mean minimum rectal temperature in
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Figure 4.7 shows the changes in the
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Chapter 5 Result
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4 or 6 hourly samples. Circadian rh
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Figure 5.1 - Distribution of mean n
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5.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
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Figure 5.3 - Histogram showing dist
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Figure 5.4 - Changes in night time
Page 137 and 138: Night-day difference in melatonin s
Page 139 and 140: Summary 1. There is an increase in
Page 141 and 142: 6 Results DESCRIPTION OF THE URINAR
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.1 - Changes in night time
Page 145 and 146: 6.1.2 Emergence of diurnal rhythm f
Page 147 and 148: Figure 6.3 - Histogram showing dist
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.4 - Changes in night time
Page 151 and 152: Cortisol values were corrected to a
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4 Relationship between night an
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Results
Page 157 and 158: Mean Length of Sleep/ Wake Bouts Th
Page 159 and 160: Sleep parameters were recorded as m
Page 161 and 162: 7.3 Development of infant sleep rel
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.2 - Changes in infant slee
Page 165 and 166: Figure 7.4 - Changes in percentage
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.5 - Changes in infant frag
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.7 - Changes in number of m
Page 171 and 172: Figure 7.9 - Changes in the percent
Page 173 and 174: Sleep efficiency (%) 100.0 90.0 80.
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 8 Results
Page 177 and 178: Considering only those weeks of mea
Page 179 and 180: 8.2 Description of peripheral gene
Page 181 and 182: 18:30 hours 0.9927; 01:00 ours 1.01
Page 183 and 184: The weeks after temperature maturat
Page 185 and 186: Further peripheral gene graphical r
Page 187: Raw data points are represented by
Page 191 and 192: 8.3 Detailed gene expression analys
Page 193 and 194: Summary 1. H3f3b was selected as ge
Page 195 and 196: 9 Results FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP A
Page 197 and 198: Care and infant related factors �
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.3 - Effect of family occupa
Page 201 and 202: * Class 7 used as reference group
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.6 - Effect of measured infa
Page 205 and 206: Summary: 1. A mature physiological
Page 207 and 208: 10 Results 10.1 Circadian rhythms -
Page 209 and 210: value of above 0.5 for R squared wa
Page 211 and 212: Table 10.1 - Temporal relationship
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 11 Discussion
Page 215 and 216: � What if any are the factors whi
Page 217 and 218: 11.1 Physiological development - ag
Page 219 and 220: There are other proven factors whic
Page 221 and 222: drawbacks of the spread of data - a
Page 223 and 224: presented in table 6.1 do not have
Page 225 and 226: separate methods were applied to th
Page 227 and 228: significant. Sleep latency was cons
Page 229 and 230: The function of sleep in developmen
Page 231 and 232: Melatonin secretion was higher on n
Page 233 and 234: In this study sleeping in the same
Page 235 and 236: Timing of sleep maturation was diff
Page 237 and 238: systematic, ordered developmental p
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individual gene plots that provide
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temperature recording devices adapt
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Both melatonin and cortisol rhythms
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Extension of this period of monitor
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Second, we demonstrated the gene of
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Cortisol and melatonin Slope based
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Summary and Future work This study
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� Maximise technique for measurin
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“There is a science of infant car
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References
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Bajanowski, T., Vege, Å., Byard, R
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Chamley, C.A., Carson P, Randall D,
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Frank, M.G., Heller, H.C., 2003. Th
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intrahypothalamic administration of
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Mirmiran, M. & Ariagno, R.L., 2000.
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Rawson, D., Petersen, S.A., Wailoo,
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Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H
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Winter, J.S.D., 1985. The adrenal c
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