Tidal Current Energy

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor 257 8. Fachinger, J., J. M. Turner, Nuttall, A. et al. (2004). Radioactive Waste Arising from HTR . 2nd International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology, Beijing, China. 9. Frohling , W. and G. Ballensiefen ( 1984 ). Special Issue on the High Temperature Reactor and Nuclear Process Heat Applications . Nuclear Engineering and Design , 78 ( 2 ) , 87 – 3 00 . 10. Kriel, W., R. W. Kuhr, R. J. McKinnell, et al. (2006). The Potential of the PBMR for Process Heat Applications. Proceedings of the 3rd Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology , 1–4 October, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Chapter 15 Fuel Cells and Batteries Justin Salminen , a Daniel Steingart b c and Tanja Kallio a Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of <strong>Energy</strong> Technology and Environmental Protection, Finland b University of California Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, USA c Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Finland Summary: Fuel cells and batteries have a wide range of applications in transportation, stationary systems, mobile phones and portable devices. Electronic and medical device manufacturers, and ship, submarine, aircraft, space and military industries are continually searching for new innovative FC and battery systems. The number of battery- and fuel-cell-powered electronic devices in new applications is expected to increase greatly in the next decade. Rechargeable batteries and fuel cells are extensively studied for their use as stationary power sources in electric vehicles (EVs) and in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). These will increase fuel efficiency and reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon-based fuels, resulting in lower CO 2 emissions. Fuel cells, in particular, have a high potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and could one day replace, partly, fossil-fuel-based power plants and also combustion engines in the transportation sector. Biomass-based liquid and gaseous fuels are being studied for their use in fuel cells. Present-day fuel cells and batteries have their limitations. These include material deterioration problems, operating temperatures, energy and power output, and their short life. Batteries and fuel cells are specific in their uses and one type does not fit all purposes. 1 . Fuel Cells Fuel cells (FCs) are open electrochemical energy conversion and power generation systems. Chemical energy is converted directly into electricity by reduction and oxidation reactions that occur at the anode and cathode of the electrochemical cell. During the operation, a fuel and an oxidant are fed separately and 259
Page 2 and 3:
Foreword Energy is the lifeblood of
Page 4 and 5:
Preface Over the past 120 years, de
Page 6 and 7:
Introduction The book Future Energy
Page 8 and 9:
Introduction captains of industry,
Page 10 and 11:
xx List of Contributors Chapter 6 L
Page 12 and 13:
xxii List of Contributors Chapter 1
Page 14 and 15:
Chapter 1 The Future of Oil and Gas
Page 16 and 17:
The Future of Oil and Gas Fossil Fu
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
p The Future of Oil and Gas Fossil
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Chapter 2 The Future of Clean Coal
Page 38 and 39:
Nuclear 15.2% Hydro 16.0% The Futur
Page 40 and 41:
Carbon concentrations / (ppm) 1100
Page 42 and 43:
The Future of Clean Coal 3.2 . Comb
Page 44 and 45:
The Future of Clean Coal Table 2.4
Page 46 and 47:
storage The Future of Clean Coal 3.
Page 48 and 49:
References The Future of Clean Coal
Page 50 and 51:
The Future of Clean Coal 45. Ichiro
Page 52 and 53:
Chapter 3 Nuclear Power (Fission) S
Page 54 and 55:
Nuclear Power (Fission) Table 3.1 .
Page 56 and 57:
Nuclear Power (Fission) Carbon emis
Page 58 and 59:
Nuclear Power (Fission) On some set
Page 60 and 61:
Nuclear Power (Fission) $33-41 for
Page 62 and 63:
Nuclear Power (Fission) generated f
Page 64 and 65:
Nuclear Power (Fission) The report
Page 66 and 67:
Nuclear Power (Fission) A price of
Page 68 and 69:
Nuclear Power (Fission) 2. Tarjanne
Page 70 and 71:
60 F. Rahnama et al. their feedstoc
Page 72 and 73:
62 F. Rahnama et al. Figure 4.1 . A
Page 74 and 75:
64 F. Rahnama et al. Figure 4.2 . A
Page 76 and 77:
66 F. Rahnama et al. Stage 1 Steam
Page 78 and 79:
68 F. Rahnama et al. Number of prod
Page 80 and 81:
70 F. Rahnama et al. Bitumen/(Mbpd)
Page 82 and 83:
72 F. Rahnama et al. 7 . Supply Cos
Page 84 and 85:
74 F. Rahnama et al. The supply cos
Page 86 and 87:
Chapter 5 The Future of Methane and
Page 88 and 89:
The Future of Methane and Coal to P
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 6 Wind Energy Lawrence Stau
Page 104 and 105:
Capacity/MW 8000 7000 6000 5000 400
Page 106 and 107:
Inputs Numerical weather prediction
Page 108 and 109:
3H 3D 2H P: power H: height of towe
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 6.10 . Erection of offshore
Page 112 and 113:
Wind Energy 105 It has long been su
Page 114 and 115:
cost/€ cent. (kW.h) �1 10 Figur
Page 116 and 117:
Wind Energy 109 Wind farms ‘ cons
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 7 Tidal Current Energy: Ori
Page 120 and 121:
Lunar orbit Figure 7.2 . Lunar cycl
Page 122 and 123:
Tidal Current Energy: Origins and C
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 8 Wave Energy Raymond Alcor
Page 138 and 139:
Wave crest Wave trough Water depth,
Page 140 and 141:
Wave spectral density/(m 2 .Hz �1
Page 142 and 143:
Wave Energy Figure 8.6 . World Ener
Page 144 and 145:
Probability of exceedance 1.0 0.8 0
Page 146 and 147:
Figure 8.10 . Indirect pneumatic de
Page 148 and 149:
Sway Device in survival mode Signif
Page 150 and 151:
Wave Energy 143 ● Ocean Energy Li
Page 152 and 153:
Wave Energy 145 developers are seek
Page 154 and 155:
Wave Energy 147 Reducing the peak l
Page 156 and 157:
Wave Energy 149 One thing that is n
Page 158 and 159:
152 P. Champagne waste [1]. This ve
Page 160 and 161:
154 P. Champagne Table 9.1. Potenti
Page 162 and 163:
156 P. Champagne manures have long
Page 164 and 165:
158 P. Champagne 3. Bioenergy and B
Page 166 and 167:
160 P. Champagne been explored as p
Page 168 and 169:
162 P. Champagne For dry biomass co
Page 170 and 171:
164 P. Champagne is burnt in excess
Page 172 and 173:
166 P. Champagne include its poor t
Page 174 and 175:
168 P. Champagne be gathered or pro
Page 176 and 177:
170 P. Champagne 13. van Wyk , J. P
Page 178 and 179:
172 R. Pitz-Paal factors, sun track
Page 180 and 181:
174 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.2 . Theo
Page 182 and 183:
176 R. Pitz-Paal Table 10.2 . Data
Page 184 and 185:
178 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.5 . The
Page 186 and 187:
180 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.6 . The
Page 188 and 189:
182 R. Pitz-Paal Table 10.4 . Chara
Page 190 and 191:
184 R. Pitz-Paal 3 . Cost Reduction
Page 192 and 193:
186 R. Pitz-Paal concept not only a
Page 194 and 195:
188 R. Pitz-Paal Electricity produc
Page 196 and 197:
190 R. Pitz-Paal Electricity produc
Page 198 and 199:
192 R. Pitz-Paal 6. Sargent & Lundy
Page 200 and 201:
194 M. Balmer and D. Spreng of anal
Page 202 and 203:
196 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Tropic
Page 204 and 205:
198 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Hydropo
Page 206 and 207:
200 M. Balmer and D. Spreng for lar
Page 208 and 209:
202 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Federal
Page 210 and 211: 204 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Yearly
Page 212 and 213: 206 M. Balmer and D. Spreng weather
Page 214 and 215: 208 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Liberal
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 12 Geothermal Energy Joel L
Page 218 and 219: Geothermal Energy 90° 120° 150°
Page 220 and 221: Geothermal Energy 215 3 . Types of
Page 222 and 223: Geothermal Energy 217 5 . Worldwide
Page 224 and 225: Separator Steam Steam Brine Geother
Page 226 and 227: Geothermal Energy Table 12.4 . Geot
Page 228 and 229: Geothermal Energy 223 8. Gawell , K
Page 230 and 231: 226 D. Infield Figure 13.1 . Europe
Page 232 and 233: 228 D. Infield Spectral irradiance
Page 234 and 235: 230 D. Infield I MPP I I SC Generat
Page 236 and 237: 232 D. Infield A series resistor ca
Page 238 and 239: 234 D. Infield 4.2 . Thin-film cell
Page 240 and 241: 236 D. Infield In recent times the
Page 242 and 243: 238 D. Infield Acknowledgements I w
Page 244 and 245: Chapter 14 The Pebble Bed Modular R
Page 246 and 247: The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor 243
Page 250 and 251: Fuel spheres (diameter 60 mm) 200 g
Page 256 and 257: The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor from
Page 258 and 259: The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Tabl
Page 262 and 263: 260 J. Salminen et al. Anode: H2
Page 264 and 265: 262 J. Salminen et al. Table 15.2 .
Page 266 and 267: 264 J. Salminen et al. Energy Gasif
Page 268 and 269: 266 J. Salminen et al. Cathode Figu
Page 270 and 271: 268 J. Salminen et al. Lithium and
Page 272 and 273: 270 J. Salminen et al. Mossy lithiu
Page 274 and 275: 272 J. Salminen et al. Vandium �
Page 276 and 277: 274 J. Salminen et al. Figure 15.9
Page 278 and 279: 276 J. Salminen et al. 10. Williams
Page 280 and 281: 278 E. Allison available at that ti
Page 282 and 283: 280 E. Allison their energy. For th
Page 284 and 285: 282 E. Allison The most significant
Page 286 and 287: 284 E. Allison are not considered a
Page 288 and 289: 286 E. Allison In 2001, the US Depa
Page 290 and 291: 288 E. Allison high saturation, mar
Page 292 and 293: 290 E. Allison 15 . Korea Min.. Com
Page 294 and 295: 292 L. R. Grisham Whereas the nucle
Page 296 and 297: 294 L. R. Grisham probably adequate
Page 298 and 299: 296 L. R. Grisham structures in our
Page 300 and 301: 298 L. R. Grisham with steady-state
Page 302 and 303: 300 L. R. Grisham insignificant com
Page 304 and 305: Part IV New Aspects to Future Energ
Page 306 and 307: 306 D. Tondeur and F. Teng set as i
Page 308 and 309: 308 D. Tondeur and F. Teng produced
Page 310 and 311:
310 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Pre-comb
Page 312 and 313:
312 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Table 18
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
316 D. Tondeur and F. Teng adsorbed
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
320 D. Tondeur and F. Teng the basi
Page 322 and 323:
322 D. Tondeur and F. Teng ● Ther
Page 324 and 325:
324 D. Tondeur and F. Teng 3.3 . Ta
Page 326 and 327:
326 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Utsira F
Page 328 and 329:
328 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Figure 1
Page 330 and 331:
330 D. Tondeur and F. Teng As regar
Page 332 and 333:
Chapter 19 Smart Energy Houses of t
Page 334 and 335:
Smart Energy Houses of the Future t
Page 336 and 337:
Figure 19.2 . MVHR unit compact ins
Page 338 and 339:
Smart Energy Houses of the Future 3
Page 340 and 341:
Smart Energy Houses of the Future F
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Chapter 20 The Prospects for Electr
Page 348 and 349:
The Prospects for Electricity and T
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
�1 Primary energy consumption (GJ
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Index A Alberta’s bitumen reserve
Page 372 and 373:
Energy effi cient buildings, solar
Page 374 and 375:
Oil Recovery , 13 , 15 Oil Shale ,
show all

Tidal Current Energy

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?