Tidal Current Energy

330 D. Tondeur and F. Teng
As regards research, while it is hard to see that a single breakthrough could
solve all these problems, the challenges are numerous. For example, new
approaches for getting rid of minor pollutants such as S, Cl, Hg, new materials
for burners, boilers, turbines allowing higher temperatures, new membranes and
solid oxygen carriers could change the technological and economic landscape.
Some particular situations have favorable prospects and will certainly be leading
examples in the large-scale deployment of CCS. Oil and gas production have
been mentioned, with associated enhanced recovery and/or geological storage
in aquifers. One also thinks of industrial processes that have a concentrated
CO 2 stream, such as hydrogen production by reforming hydrocarbons. But the
contribution of CCS to climate change mitigation will remain limited until existing
power plants are massively updated with reliable technology. And it may
be anticipated that this is likely to occur only when the cost of carbon rejected
(the carbon tax) becomes ‘ comparable ’ to the cost of the carbon avoided.
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