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Energy effi cient buildings, solar energy , 335 Energy effi cient buildings, compactness , 335 Energy effi cient buildings, airtightness and ventilation , 335 Energy effi cient buildings, UK SixtyK house , 336 Energy effi cient buildings, heat pumps , 342 Energy effi cient buildings, micro-CHP , 343 Energy effi cient buildings, high-performance insulation , 344 Energy effi cient buildings, vacuum insulating panels , 344 Energy effi cient buildings, heat storage materials , 344 Energy effi cient buildings, guidelines for the future , 345 Energy mix for the Middle East and North Africa , 188 Energy mix for electricity production in Europe , 190 Energy white paper 2007, UK , 41 Enhanced Oil recovery , 14 Environmental factors , 88 EUMENA vision , 190 F FBC, fl uidized bed combustion , 31 Fischer Tropsch product spectra , 80 Fischer Tropsch, low temperature , 80 , 81 Fischer Tropsch, product upgrading , 80 Fischer Tropsch, high temperature , 80 Fossil fi red power plants , 34 Fossil fuels , 3 FT, Fischer Tropsch process , 79 Fuel cells , 259 Fuel cells, working principles , 260 Fuel cell types , 261 Fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membranes , 261 Fuel cells, membranes , 262 Fuel cells, high temperature SOFCs , 262 Fuel cell fuel , 263 Fuel cell fuel from biomass , 264 Fuel cells, challenges , 264 Fuel shares in power generation , 27 Fusion Energy prospects , 300 Fusion Energy economics , 299 Fusion power, desirable characteristics , 293 Fusion power, less weapon proliferation , 294 Fusion power, why it is so diffi cult , 295 Fusion power, inertial confi nement , 297 Fusion power, magnetic confi nement , 297 Fusion power, closed magnetic topologies , 298 Fusion power, radioactive waste , 294 Fusion power, high-energy-density-power , 295 Index Fusion power, sun’s reactions , 295 Fusion power, heat extraction problems , 296 Fusion power, plasma , 298 Fusion power, tokamak, toroidal component , 298 , 299 Future development of CTL and GTL , 89 Future energy scenarios , 349 Future energy fuel options , 359 Future of nuclear power , 51 Future energysupply structures for electricity , 365 Future demand for CTL and GTL , 84 G Gas turbines, open cycle, OCGT , 103 GE, Geothermal energy , 211 GE, heat fl ow , 211 GE, subsurface temperatures , 211 GE, tectonic controls , 212 GE, tectonic plates , 213 GE map of the world , 214 GE types , 215 GE, geopressured systems , 215 GE, magmatic systems , 215 GE hot rock systems , 215 GE worldwide potential , 216 GE, resources worldwide , 216 GE development worldwide , 217 GE worldwide use , 218 GE methods of electrical generation , 218 GE fl ashed-steam power plant , 219 GE binary power plant , 219 GE direct use , 220 GE, environmental constraints , 220 GE, fossil fuel comparison , 221 GE, the future , 221 Global energy consumption , 194 Global primary energy structure , 352 Global Warming , 17 Global prospects of nuclear power , 54 GTL, gas to liquid technology , 77 H Heavy Oil , 10 , 14 Historical and projected fuel production , 86 Hubbert curve , 13 Hybrid electric vehicles , 274 Hydrocarbons , 3 Hydrocarbon consumption , 11 Hydrocarbon exploration , 4 Hydrocarbon formation , 4 Hydrocarbon location , 4 Hydrocarbon production , 11 Hydrocarbon reserves , 14 373
374 Index Hydrocarbon reservoirs , 4 Hydrocarbon recovery , 11 Hydrocarbon viscosity , 11 HEP, hydroelectric power , 193 HEP, history , 194 HEP, production , 195 HEP, percentage of developed potential , 196 HEP, technology , 197 HEP, energy payback , 198 HEP, run-of-river scheme , 198 HEP, storage reservoirs , 199 HEP, pumped storage , 199 HEP sustainability , 200 HEP, environmental impact , 200 HEP, health impacts , 201 HEP, sedimentation , 201 HEP, land loss , 202 HEP impact , 202 HEP costs , 202 HEP economics , 203 HEP, DFCF, discount free cash fl ows , 204 HEP, NPV, net present value , 204 HEP and climate change , 205 HEP and liberalized electricity markets , 206 Housing, comparison of traditional, passive and zero-energy , 340 I IEA (International Energy Agency) nuclear cost estimates , 54 IEA world energy outlook , 351 IEA and recent developments in nuclear power , 54 IGCC integrated gasifi cation combustion cycle , 31 IPCC, International panel on climate change , 350 IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , 4 L Landskrona housing , 341 Liquid transport fuel demand , 85 Low energy housing, refurbishments , 340 LWD logging while drilling , 7 M Mass balance for CTL plants , 83 Mass balance for GTL plants , 84 MCP, measure-correlate-predict technique , 97 Mercury pollution , 30 Methane hydrates , 277 Methane hydrates, background , 278 Methane hydrates, structures , 278 Methane hydrates, occurrences , 279 Methane hydrates, resource estimates , 279 Methane hydrates, phase diagram , 279 Methane hydrates, resource estimate, US , 280 Methane hydrates, resource estimate, Canada , 280 Methane hydrates history of research , 280 Methane hydrates, major study sites , 281 Methane hydrates, detection , 281 Methane hydrates, bottom simulation refl ectors , 281 Methane hydrates, petroleum system approach , 282 Methane hydrates, types of accumulations , 282 Methane hydrates, production concepts , 283 Methane hydrates, geophysical detection , 283 Methane hydrates, methane production , 284 Methane hydrates, methane production – NW Canada , 284 Methane hydrates, methane production – Alaska northern slope site , 285 Methane hydrates, location at Alaska northern slope site , 285 Methane hydrates, Gulf of Mexico tests , 286 Methane hydrates, production modelling/ reservoir simulation , 287 Methane hydrates, economics , 288 Methane hydrates, development , 288 Microbatteries , 272 MWD, measurements while drilling , 7 N Natural gas reforming , 79 New nuclear capacity (UK) , 44 Nitrogen oxide pollution , 29 Non-road transport modes , 364 Nuclear generating costs , 42 Nuclear generation costs (other) , 47 Nuclear generation welfare balance , 46 Nuclear new-build costs , 43 Nuclear energy, security of supply , 45 Nuclear energy economics assessment , 46 Nuclear fusion , 291 Nuclear fusion, principal nuclear reactions , 292 Nuclear fusion reactors , 296 Nuclear fusion, deuterium, tritium , 292 NWP, numerical weather prediction , 99 O OAS (oil sand areas) , 61 Oil , 3 Oil consumption, estimated future , 87
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Foreword Energy is the lifeblood of
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Preface Over the past 120 years, de
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Introduction The book Future Energy
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Introduction captains of industry,
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xx List of Contributors Chapter 6 L
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xxii List of Contributors Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 The Future of Oil and Gas
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The Future of Oil and Gas Fossil Fu
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p The Future of Oil and Gas Fossil
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Chapter 2 The Future of Clean Coal
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Nuclear 15.2% Hydro 16.0% The Futur
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Carbon concentrations / (ppm) 1100
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The Future of Clean Coal 3.2 . Comb
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The Future of Clean Coal Table 2.4
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storage The Future of Clean Coal 3.
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References The Future of Clean Coal
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The Future of Clean Coal 45. Ichiro
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Chapter 3 Nuclear Power (Fission) S
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Nuclear Power (Fission) Table 3.1 .
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Nuclear Power (Fission) Carbon emis
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Nuclear Power (Fission) On some set
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Nuclear Power (Fission) $33-41 for
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Nuclear Power (Fission) generated f
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Nuclear Power (Fission) The report
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Nuclear Power (Fission) A price of
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Nuclear Power (Fission) 2. Tarjanne
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60 F. Rahnama et al. their feedstoc
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62 F. Rahnama et al. Figure 4.1 . A
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64 F. Rahnama et al. Figure 4.2 . A
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66 F. Rahnama et al. Stage 1 Steam
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68 F. Rahnama et al. Number of prod
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70 F. Rahnama et al. Bitumen/(Mbpd)
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72 F. Rahnama et al. 7 . Supply Cos
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74 F. Rahnama et al. The supply cos
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Chapter 5 The Future of Methane and
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The Future of Methane and Coal to P
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Chapter 6 Wind Energy Lawrence Stau
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Capacity/MW 8000 7000 6000 5000 400
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Inputs Numerical weather prediction
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3H 3D 2H P: power H: height of towe
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Figure 6.10 . Erection of offshore
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Wind Energy 105 It has long been su
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cost/€ cent. (kW.h) �1 10 Figur
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Wind Energy 109 Wind farms ‘ cons
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Chapter 7 Tidal Current Energy: Ori
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Lunar orbit Figure 7.2 . Lunar cycl
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Tidal Current Energy: Origins and C
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Chapter 8 Wave Energy Raymond Alcor
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Wave crest Wave trough Water depth,
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Wave spectral density/(m 2 .Hz �1
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Wave Energy Figure 8.6 . World Ener
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Probability of exceedance 1.0 0.8 0
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Figure 8.10 . Indirect pneumatic de
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Sway Device in survival mode Signif
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Wave Energy 143 ● Ocean Energy Li
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Wave Energy 145 developers are seek
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Wave Energy 147 Reducing the peak l
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Wave Energy 149 One thing that is n
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152 P. Champagne waste [1]. This ve
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154 P. Champagne Table 9.1. Potenti
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156 P. Champagne manures have long
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158 P. Champagne 3. Bioenergy and B
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160 P. Champagne been explored as p
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162 P. Champagne For dry biomass co
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164 P. Champagne is burnt in excess
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166 P. Champagne include its poor t
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168 P. Champagne be gathered or pro
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170 P. Champagne 13. van Wyk , J. P
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172 R. Pitz-Paal factors, sun track
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174 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.2 . Theo
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176 R. Pitz-Paal Table 10.2 . Data
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178 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.5 . The
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180 R. Pitz-Paal Figure 10.6 . The
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182 R. Pitz-Paal Table 10.4 . Chara
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184 R. Pitz-Paal 3 . Cost Reduction
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186 R. Pitz-Paal concept not only a
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188 R. Pitz-Paal Electricity produc
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190 R. Pitz-Paal Electricity produc
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192 R. Pitz-Paal 6. Sargent & Lundy
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194 M. Balmer and D. Spreng of anal
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196 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Tropic
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198 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Hydropo
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200 M. Balmer and D. Spreng for lar
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202 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Federal
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204 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Yearly
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206 M. Balmer and D. Spreng weather
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208 M. Balmer and D. Spreng Liberal
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Chapter 12 Geothermal Energy Joel L
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Geothermal Energy 90° 120° 150°
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Geothermal Energy 215 3 . Types of
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Geothermal Energy 217 5 . Worldwide
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Separator Steam Steam Brine Geother
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Geothermal Energy Table 12.4 . Geot
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Geothermal Energy 223 8. Gawell , K
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226 D. Infield Figure 13.1 . Europe
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228 D. Infield Spectral irradiance
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230 D. Infield I MPP I I SC Generat
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232 D. Infield A series resistor ca
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234 D. Infield 4.2 . Thin-film cell
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236 D. Infield In recent times the
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238 D. Infield Acknowledgements I w
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Chapter 14 The Pebble Bed Modular R
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The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor 243
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Fuel spheres (diameter 60 mm) 200 g
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The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor from
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The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Tabl
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260 J. Salminen et al. Anode: H2
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262 J. Salminen et al. Table 15.2 .
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264 J. Salminen et al. Energy Gasif
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266 J. Salminen et al. Cathode Figu
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268 J. Salminen et al. Lithium and
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270 J. Salminen et al. Mossy lithiu
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272 J. Salminen et al. Vandium �
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274 J. Salminen et al. Figure 15.9
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276 J. Salminen et al. 10. Williams
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278 E. Allison available at that ti
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280 E. Allison their energy. For th
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282 E. Allison The most significant
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284 E. Allison are not considered a
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286 E. Allison In 2001, the US Depa
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288 E. Allison high saturation, mar
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290 E. Allison 15 . Korea Min.. Com
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292 L. R. Grisham Whereas the nucle
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294 L. R. Grisham probably adequate
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296 L. R. Grisham structures in our
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298 L. R. Grisham with steady-state
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300 L. R. Grisham insignificant com
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Part IV New Aspects to Future Energ
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306 D. Tondeur and F. Teng set as i
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308 D. Tondeur and F. Teng produced
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310 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Pre-comb
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312 D. Tondeur and F. Teng Table 18
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316 D. Tondeur and F. Teng adsorbed
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320 D. Tondeur and F. Teng the basi
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Page 356 and 357: �1 Primary energy consumption (GJ
Page 370 and 371: Index A Alberta’s bitumen reserve
Page 374 and 375: Oil Recovery , 13 , 15 Oil Shale ,
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