Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
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go into the details of this source here, but only state that<br />
we found no evidence of the presence of a central, AGN<br />
heated dust distribution in Centaurus A. Obviously there is<br />
a class of AGN which has no dust torus.<br />
MIDI Observations of More Distant and Fainter Active<br />
Nuclei<br />
In <strong>2005</strong> we also succeeded in observing the Seyfert 1<br />
galaxies NGC 3783 and Markarian 1239 as well as the<br />
Seyfert 2 galaxy MCG-5-23-16 with MIDI. This is remarkable<br />
insofar as these sources are below the previously<br />
assumed brightness limit of the instrument (10 �m flux<br />
from the nucleus � 1 Jy). This shows that MIDI is also<br />
able to observe sources in the range of 0.5 Jy without<br />
stabilization of the fringe pattern with the help of the<br />
planned fringe tracker FINITO (which will operate at about<br />
2 �m, but is not in operation yet). This encouraging news<br />
extends our list of possible extragalactic targets <strong>for</strong> MIDI<br />
from three sources (NGC 1068, Circinus, Centaurus A)<br />
to at least one dozen.<br />
Based on the larger distance, the results obtained so far<br />
<strong>for</strong> the three sources mentioned above indicate that these<br />
cannot be resolved with the rather compact telescope<br />
combinations of the VLTI (Fig. II.5.2). The diameter of<br />
the expected dust torus is smaller than 10 mas. In the next<br />
step we will choose telescope combinations with larger<br />
separations. In fact, in order to fully prove the unified<br />
scheme, it is crucial to not only show that dust tori exist<br />
in Seyfert 2 galaxies. Evidence of similar tori in Seyfert<br />
1 galaxies is just as important. Only this would prove<br />
Fig. II.5.10: MIDI measurements of<br />
the nucleus of Centaurus A agree<br />
well with the observed spectrum<br />
of the nonthermal synchrotron<br />
radiation of this radio galaxy.<br />
Open circles: observed flux, full<br />
dots: corrected <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>eground<br />
absorption.<br />
Flux [Hz Jy]<br />
10 13<br />
10 12<br />
10 11<br />
10 10<br />
10 9<br />
10 9<br />
10 10 10 11<br />
II.5 Dust Tori in Active Galactic Nuclei 37<br />
the gas and dust reservoir within the torus to be essential<br />
<strong>for</strong> the high – compared to the mass of the black hole<br />
– mass-inflow-rate and the resulting high luminosities of<br />
the Seyfert nuclei.<br />
Summary<br />
Even in its first three years of operation at the VLTI,<br />
MIDI has demonstrated that interferometric observations<br />
in the mid-infrared range allow important insights into<br />
the processes within active galactic nuclei. Direct evidence<br />
of dust tori in Seyfert 2 galaxies not only confirms<br />
the unified scheme, but <strong>for</strong> the first time also opens up<br />
the opportunity to study the gas reservoir that seems to<br />
be responsible <strong>for</strong> the high luminosity of Seyfert galaxies<br />
and their big brothers, the quasars.<br />
First results on the radio galaxy Centaurus A also<br />
allow us to work out the differences between Seyfert 1<br />
galaxies (usually showing very weak radio emission) and<br />
radio galaxies. We are confident that we will also be able<br />
to detect the »missing link«, the tori in Seyfert 1 galaxies,<br />
with MIDI in the near future– or to disprove this theory.<br />
Thus the end of the first stage on the path to directly<br />
observing the physical processes in the center of active<br />
galactic nuclei may soon be reached. MIDI is paving the<br />
way towards a new era of extragalactic astronomy with<br />
interferometric techniques.<br />
(Klaus Meisenheimer, Konrad Tristram,<br />
Marc Schartmann, Sebastian Wolf,<br />
Thomas Henning, Hubert Klahr.<br />
Participating institutes:<br />
Landessternwarte Heidelberg; Leiden Observatory)<br />
10 12<br />
Frequency [Hz]<br />
Observations by MIDI<br />
10 13 10 14