Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Annual Report 2005
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
94 IV. Instrumental Development<br />
L3<br />
Sun<br />
Fig. IV.1.8: Locations of the Lagrangian Points L1 to L5 in the<br />
Sun – Earth system (not to scale). At L2 a satellite orbits the<br />
Sun with the same angular velocity as the Earth. Since L2 is<br />
a metastable point, JWST will circle it on extended Lissajous<br />
orbits.<br />
The destination of the journey is the Lagrangian Point<br />
L2 (Fig. IV.1.8). There, 1.5 million km from Earth on<br />
the prolongation of the line Sun – Earth, the satellite will<br />
»feel« the joint attractive <strong>for</strong>ces of Sun and Earth, and<br />
despite its larger distance to the Sun it will orbit the Sun<br />
with the same angular velocity as the Earth. So <strong>for</strong> ten<br />
years, we will see JWST from Earth always in anti-solar<br />
direction. Although the point L2 is a solution of the<br />
three-body problem of celestial mechanics, JWST will<br />
not be stationed exactly at that point. There are at least<br />
three arguments against it: 1. L2 is a metastable point,<br />
that is, smallest perturbations will drive a satellite away<br />
from there (comparable to a pencil standing »stably« on a<br />
fingertip …), 2. <strong>for</strong> stationing braking manoeuvres would<br />
have to be carried out directly at L2, 3. the satellite would<br />
experience solar eclipses because the Earth is standing in<br />
between, interrupting its energy supply.<br />
There<strong>for</strong>e loop-shaped orbits around L2 are chosen in<br />
practice (Fig. IV.1.9). These Lissajous orbits around L2<br />
can have very large diameters: some hundred thousand<br />
km in the ecliptic and perpendicular to it. The orbital<br />
period around L2 can be half a year and the deviation<br />
from L2 as seen from Earth up to � 30°. The larger<br />
the diameter of these loops around L2 the easier are<br />
L4<br />
Earth<br />
L5<br />
L1<br />
the orbital manoeuvres during closing-in and later orbit<br />
corrections. A limit is set, however, by the scattered-light<br />
requirements of the tube-less JWST. At large angular<br />
distances from L2 Sun and Earth would no longer be<br />
occulted simultaneously. Seen from L2, the Earth has<br />
the same angular size as the Sun, and in the mid-infrared<br />
range the Earth is bright!<br />
Passive and active cooling<br />
JWST-Orbit<br />
150 Mio. km 1.5 Mio. km<br />
Already during the approach to L2 the unfolding<br />
process of JWST, which is tightly folded into the payload<br />
nose cone of the ariaNe 5, will be started (Fig.<br />
IV.1.10). More than 100 mechanisms (hinges, motors,<br />
sensors, … ) have to be activated in order to open the<br />
tennis-court sized multilayered radiation shield and the<br />
6.5 m-telescope. The radiation shield reduces the thermal<br />
radiation of the Sun by a factor of millions: of the 300<br />
kilowatt incident on JWST, less than 0.1 watt will be left<br />
on the telescope side. In this way, the primary mirror can<br />
passively cool to – 240 °C, sufficiently low <strong>for</strong> sensitive<br />
observations with all instruments on board. The radiation<br />
shield consists of five layers of Kapton foil each of which<br />
is vapor-coated with aluminium on the Sun-facing side.<br />
This way as much radiation as possible will be reflected<br />
back into space. The side of the foil turned away from the<br />
Sun is coated with silicon, which acts as a blackbody radiator<br />
in the infrared range, thus cooling the foil. Thermal<br />
radiation escapes through the 15 cm wide gaps between<br />
the foils (Fig. IV.1.2). The foil package will have to resist<br />
L2