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El costo de capital en sectores regulados y mercados ... - Esan

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AT<br />

i<br />

= Capitalización <strong>de</strong> mercado <strong>de</strong> cada empresa más el valor<br />

<strong>de</strong> la <strong>de</strong>uda patrimonial<br />

AT = Valor <strong>de</strong> mercado <strong>de</strong> los activos <strong>en</strong> su conjunto<br />

∑<br />

i<br />

Mediante similar procedimi<strong>en</strong>to se pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>contrar la tasa impositiva<br />

t .<br />

promedio ( )<br />

promedio<br />

Hay que ser muy cuidadoso, sin embargo, al mom<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> elegir las empresas<br />

que se utilizarán para este beta sectorial, ya que exist<strong>en</strong> algunos problemas <strong>de</strong><br />

estimación:<br />

[…] Since portfolio betas have much lower standard errors than betas estimated for<br />

individual firms, a common approach for increasing precision is to estimate beta for a<br />

portfolio of firms who operate solely in the same line of business as the firm, division or<br />

project being valued. Te beta of “pure-play” portfolio Is th<strong>en</strong> used to <strong>de</strong>termine the cost of<br />

<strong>capital</strong> for an investm<strong>en</strong>t. Since the precision of the beta estimate increases with the<br />

number of pure plays, analyst prefer to have as many pure plays as possible. However,<br />

finding a large sample of firms specializing in a single line of business is extremely difficult.<br />

The “textbook” pure-play approach <strong>de</strong>scribed above exclu<strong>de</strong>s conglomerates from the set of<br />

pot<strong>en</strong>tial pure plays. Conglomerates can be large firms that account for a significant market<br />

share in a particular business segm<strong>en</strong>t. Philip Morris is a classic example of such a firm.<br />

Philip Morris is a major player in both the Tobacco and the Food and Kindread Spirits<br />

industries. Therefore, the observable beta for Philip Morris is a weighted average of the<br />

unobservable betas of individual business segm<strong>en</strong>ts. As such, Philip Morris would not be<br />

inclu<strong>de</strong>d as a pure play in either the Tobacco or the Food and Kindread Spirits industry. If<br />

the division of conglomerate firms are large relative to the pure plays, th<strong>en</strong> excluding them<br />

introduces a pot<strong>en</strong>tial upward bias into industry beta calculations. This is due to a negative<br />

correlation betwe<strong>en</strong> market <strong>capital</strong>ization and beta. […] (Ibbotson, Kaplan y Peterson,<br />

1997:1-2)<br />

2.6. <strong>El</strong> COK <strong>en</strong> países <strong>de</strong>sarrollados<br />

Después <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminarse los betas económicos <strong>de</strong>be <strong>en</strong>contrarse la tasa libre<br />

<strong>de</strong> riesgo apropiada para el cálculo. Se recomi<strong>en</strong>da el uso <strong>de</strong> los Treasury<br />

Bills <strong>de</strong> 3 meses, por su poca variabilidad <strong>de</strong> corto y mediano plazo 7 .<br />

<strong>El</strong> retorno <strong>de</strong> mercado<br />

La <strong>de</strong>terminación <strong>de</strong>l retorno <strong>de</strong>l mercado supone la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> utilizar un<br />

índice que repres<strong>en</strong>te a todo el mercado mundial <strong>de</strong> acciones. La primera<br />

alternativa es que ese índice cont<strong>en</strong>ga todo el mercado; y la segunda, que el<br />

índice cont<strong>en</strong>ga las acciones sufici<strong>en</strong>tes como para que pueda establecerse un<br />

comportami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> las acciones <strong>en</strong> el mercado 8 . Algunas precisiones al<br />

respecto:<br />

7 La tasa libre <strong>de</strong> riesgo es consi<strong>de</strong>rada como la tasa <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los Treasury Bill a 3 meses. Su uso es ampliam<strong>en</strong>te<br />

difundido <strong>en</strong> la literatura financiera y <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l mo<strong>de</strong>lo CAPM. Por lo mismo incluso ha sido elevado a una <strong>de</strong>finición g<strong>en</strong>érica: En<br />

el Dictionary of Finance and Investm<strong>en</strong>t Terms se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra:<br />

“RISK-FREE RETURN YIELD on a risk-free investm<strong>en</strong>t. The 3-month Treasury bill is consi<strong>de</strong>red a riskless investm<strong>en</strong>t because it<br />

is a direct obligation of the U.S. governm<strong>en</strong>t and its short <strong>en</strong>ough to minimize the risks of inflation and market interest rate changes”<br />

8 Se consi<strong>de</strong>ra que el r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l índice S&P500 es el más repres<strong>en</strong>tativo <strong>de</strong>l Retorno <strong>de</strong>l Mercado. Su utilización es igualm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

difundido <strong>en</strong> la literatura financiera y <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l mo<strong>de</strong>lo CAPM. Por lo mismo incluso tambi<strong>en</strong> ha sido elevado a una <strong>de</strong>finición<br />

g<strong>en</strong>érica: En el Dictionary of Finance and Investm<strong>en</strong>t Terms se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra:<br />

“MARKET INDEX numbers repres<strong>en</strong>ting wieghted values of the compon<strong>en</strong>tes that make up the in<strong>de</strong>x. A stock market in<strong>de</strong>x, for<br />

example, is weighted according to the prices and number of outstanding zares of the various stocks. The Standard & Poor´s 500<br />

Stock In<strong>de</strong>x is one of the most wi<strong>de</strong>ly followed, but myred other in<strong>de</strong>xes track stocks in various industry groups”.<br />

19

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