om e 's Ali a - Land ss De elo en - Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, India Office

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90 Women’s Alienation of forest resources and making it easier for them to overlook several constitutional and legal provisions to ensure local participation. Forces displacing local communities adopt a plethora of tools to gain control. Divisions of local communities in the name of the religion, caste, political, economic and other social groupings are subtle measures to undermine collective capabilities. Ecological Damage Among various industries, mining causes the most ecological damage. Table 16 shows that a large area of forest land has been transferred for mining since the enactment of the Forest Conservation Act in 1980. In the absence of any clear statement of priorities of the country on the exploitation of resources, corporations are devising new ways to grab the wealth of the nation for small short-term gains. The rapidity with which the global interests want to usurp these resources is reflected in the stock markets today. It is with the same rapidity that mining is devouring land and livelihood of many communities. Table 16: Land Transferred for Mining Purposes Year Land transferred (in ha.) 1983-84 2.2 1984-85 2.0 1988-89 1547.0 1989-90 4089.0 1990-91 208.7 1999-2000 2455.0 2000-01 58.8 Total 8362.7 The exploitation of minerals in Uttarakhand has come at a price. The ecological damage caused by mining of minerals can be best illustrated by impact of limestone quarrying in Doon Valley. Quarrying has disturbed the ecological balance of the valley, which is geologically unstable due to the existence of a tectonically active zone and a geological thrust The extraction of minerals disturbs the land-soil-vegetation system as it removes vegetation and the top soil, for surface quarrying. The precipitous slopes and high rainfall accentuate this locally, which add to the land’s instability.
Process of Land Alienation Breeding Farm Violates Specifi c Legal Provisions This case is cited to highlight ground realities. The establishment of this particular breeding farm has not just violated several legal provisions in force in the state, but has also denied local people their basic Constitutional rights. The specific list of violations and the context of violation provides an insight into the potential for redressal. Violation of the Land Acquisition Act The provisions of Land Acquisition Act have been violated totally by the enforcement of the premise that the land did not belong to the villagers but was state property. Since it was state property, no acquisition notice was deemed necessary, nor was compensation provided to the people. The Land Acquisition Act 1894 as applicable to Uttar Pradesh clearly states that those who have a stake in the forest are its trustees and beneficiaries. Members of the Van Panchayat are the true trustees and beneficiaries of the acquired area. They also have been denied foot-tracks and other easement benefits without any compensation. Violation of the Forest Conservation (FC) Act The farm has violated the FC Act by destroying parts of the forest while laying the road and constructing buildings, all of which have been specifically recorded by the Van Panchayat. The provisions of compensatory afforestation have not been applied in the case of the farm. The damage to trees, particularly felling green trees is an ongoing activity of the farm, which is not being charged with such offences. Violation of the Environment Protection Act The activities of the farm violate the provisions of the Environment Protection Act in several ways. The foremost among them is the discharge of effluents into the stream, polluting water resources, destroying productive agricultural fields and affecting the health of the people and cattle. Other Violations Land encroachment, over the above, could attract proceedings on the provisions of land acts. The careless disposal of carcasses by the breeding farm could attract wild animals and invite injunctions under the Wildlife Act. The farm also grossly violates the provisions of the Labour Acts by employing local people on daily wages despite their having put in several years of service. The Right to Life is denied when the fundamental source of livelihood is negatively impacted. The breeding farm also denies the people the Right to Development, which is also emphasised by several Supreme Court decisions in recent years. The people have been also restrained from performing their fundamental duties, particularly the protection of the environment, as no notice is taken of their complaints regarding the environmental impact of the farm. Adapted from State of Environment Report for Uttaranchal, Uttaranchal Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board, Government of Uttaranchal, November 2004 91
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Women’s Alienation - Land Less De
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© Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2009 T
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iv Study Team Balaji Pandey Jagaban
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vi In order to facilitate the discu
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Introduction Government machinery u
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Minimum Cost (APMC) Act will only d
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Table 1: Diversion of Agricultural
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The state of Uttarakhand has become
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hectares each, five of them in Alwa
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• t o a s s e s s w o m e n ’s
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Impact of Aggressive Growth Growing
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women’s rights with regard to lan
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the natural resources, suffer more.
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peculiar problem hitherto unheard o
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ole of breadwinners for the family,
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of livelihood. The affected people
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Women are turning to construction l
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According to a survey conducted by
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owned resource meant primarily for
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their source of livelihood - mainly
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Rs. 10,000 remained with her, thiev
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Corporation (NHPC) in 1980. The NHP
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Jharkhand now has become a hot belt
Page 49 and 50: factory owner and administration ke
Page 51 and 52: The state administration has arrest
Page 53 and 54: i.e. mixed population, urbanisation
Page 55 and 56: insisted on a dialogue only after N
Page 57 and 58: In sum, it was a total reign of ter
Page 59 and 60: was also organised involving samiti
Page 61 and 62: into a meeting. According to Rashmi
Page 63 and 64: and socio-cultural systems. Protect
Page 65 and 66: to a lathi-charge by the police. No
Page 67 and 68: six months extension to complete th
Page 69 and 70: did not include a leading protest g
Page 71 and 72: Organised Response Land Acquisition
Page 73 and 74: anner of ‘Save Mandana Struggle C
Page 75 and 76: Process of Land Alienation Jharkhan
Page 77 and 78: Interview: Dr Ram Dayal Munda Forme
Page 79 and 80: available land, power, water and co
Page 81 and 82: Process of Land Alienation Table 5:
Page 83 and 84: Chhattisgarh in 2000 needs to be se
Page 85 and 86: Table 8: Proposed New Large Industr
Page 87 and 88: The table shows clearly that the la
Page 89 and 90: the period from 2000 onwards witnes
Page 91 and 92: Process of Land Alienation New Proj
Page 93 and 94: Process of Land Alienation Pherroch
Page 95 and 96: under agriculture accounts for only
Page 97 and 98: when capitalism and imperialism had
Page 99: arred from using, are used by the s
Page 103 and 104: Proposals Galore for Industries in
Page 105 and 106: Table 19: Diversions of Forests for
Page 107 and 108: Table 20: Land Grabbing in the Name
Page 109 and 110: ha. in the Garhwal zone. There are
Page 111 and 112: lots of employment opportunities fo
Page 113 and 114: Process of Land Alienation Table 22
Page 115 and 116: economic rights of Scheduled Castes
Page 117 and 118: esources in Rajasthan, having poten
Page 119 and 120: Table 23: Approved Sezs in Rajastha
Page 121 and 122: tourists and by the year 2012 an ad
Page 123 and 124: Table 25: Land to be Acquired by Ja
Page 125 and 126: Table 29: Land Acquired for Farmhou
Page 127 and 128: Process of Land Alienation Gardens
Page 129 and 130: is not only the JDA but the whole s
Page 131 and 132: will have to deposit 40 per cent of
Page 133 and 134: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendat
Page 135 and 136: state governments are promising all
Page 137 and 138: propounded and being put into pract
Page 139 and 140: y. The result is that the agricultu
Page 141 and 142: Selected Bibliography Selected Bibl
Page 143 and 144: Frontline (2007): Dark Side of Mini
Page 145 and 146: Selected Bibliography Ibid., (2004)
Page 147 and 148: Selected Bibliography Nayak, Ramesh
Page 149 and 150: Process of Land Alienation Shiva, D
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Process of Land Alienation Women an
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2 Women’s Alienation
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om e 's Ali a - Land ss De elo en - Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, India Office

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