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Index 207 Breast cancer clinical trials using E75 for, 121 tumor antigens for, 111, 114 Bulky diseases, 163 Cancer cell lines, 110, 121 Cancer cells, 182 DC therapy in, 71 presence of HLA and accessory molecules in, 185 types of, 37 Cancer immunotherapy. See Cancer vaccines Cancerous B cells, 38 Cancer patients advanced-stage, 40 colon, 13, 73 disease-free survival (DFS) in, 58 early-stages of, 40, 72 extensive-stage small cell lung, 41 with follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 75 immunization of, 15 ovarian, 56 overall survival (OS), 58, 59 prognosis of, 77 recurrence-free survival (RFS) in, 59 with T2 tumors, 74 with T3 tumors, 74 Cancer stem cells, 99 Cancer stem–like cells (CSCs), 99 Cancer treatment challenges in, 77–80 colorectal, 57 conventional development model for, 76–77 conventional regulatory process for, 77 effect of investigational therapy on, 77 immune response in, 79 nonspecific approach to, 69 nonsurgical method of cancer treatment, 55 related toxicities, 69 Cancer vaccines. See also Allogeneic tumor vaccines; Drugs development; Immunotherapies; Personalized cancer vaccines; T-cell vaccines; Therapeutic cancer vaccines; Traditional cancer vaccines; Vaccines advantages of, 72 challenges in clinical development of, 77–80 consortium panel of, 177 developmental strategies of, 153–154 development paradigm, 80 elements of, 152 MOA of, 152–153 randomized phase 2 or 3 clinical trails in, 71–72 regulatory consideration in clinical development of, 80–81 Canine melanoma, treatment of, 62 Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), 61 Canvaxin for melanoma, 56, 57–58 Carcinoembryonic antigen CEACAM5, 13 Carcinoma, prostrate, 74 Cathepsins, 8 CD133 þ ,99 CD4 þ CD25 þ , 104 CD20 expression, 166 CD8 þ RTEs, 104 CD4 þ T cells, 111, 139, 140 CD8 þ T cells, 141, 187, 188, 190 epitope-specific, 137, 140 infiltration, 117 Cell-based vaccines, 154 Cell-mediated immunity, 84–86 Cell surface proteins, endo/lysosomal degradation of, 7 Cellular immunity, 138 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 196 Central-memory (CM), T cells, 163 Central tolerance mechanism, 132 CFSE cytotoxic assay, 160 Chaperones, 33 mediated transport, 7–8 Chemokine expression, 141, 142 Chemotherapeutics. See Chemotherapy Chemotherapy, 55, 69, 71, 75, 156, 158 gliomas and resistance, 94 tumor cells’ sensitization to, 94–96 plus active immunotherapy, 41–42
208 Index Chromogens, enzymatic activation of, 187 Clinical model, of drugs development, 155–156 Clinical trails of cancer vaccines, challenges in, 77–80 of cancer vaccines, regulatory considerations in, 80–81 model for new treatments of cancer, 76–77 overall survival as endpoints in, 77–78 in personalized cancer vaccines, 71–74 phases of, 57–58, 76 25 randomized phase 2 or 3, 71–72 in stage II and III colon cancer patients, phase 3, 73 vaccines ongoing phase 3, 75–76 vaccines that reached phase 3, 71–74 CM. See Central-memory (CM) CMA. See Conditional marketing authorization (CMA) Colon cancer patients, 13, 73 Colorectal cancer, treatment of, 57 Combination therapy, 40 Computer programs, for peptides identification, 110 Conditional marketing authorization (CMA), 80 Control cells, 160 COPV. See Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) Cortical epithelial cells of thymus (cTEC), 3, 4 expression of thymoproteasome, 18 Costimulation, of APC, 187–188 Costimulatory proteins, B7 family of, 37 Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV), 61 CpG motifs, 142, 144, 165 CpG-ODN. See Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) CSC. See Cancer stem–like cells (CSC) CT26 carcinoma, tumor model, 139 cTEC. See Cortical epithelial cells of thymus (cTEC) CTL. See Cytolytic T cells (CTL); Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) CTLA-4. See Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Cyclophosphamide, 45 Cyotkine-modified tumor vaccine, 59–60 Cytogenetics, 184 Cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 59–60, 74, 75 Cytokine-secreting tumor cells, 37 Cytolytic CD4 þ T cells. See also T cells recognition of peptides by, 1 response in cathepsin L, 8 tumor antigen-specific, 7 Cytolytic CD8 þ T cells, 41. See also T cells activation of, 2 epitopes presentation, 5 induction of effector, 11, 16 induction of tumor-reactive, 13–18 priming by antigen-CpG complexes, 10 recognition of peptides by, 1, 2 recognition of tumor cells by, 11–12 regulation of, 1 response antitumor, 59 role of DC, 19–20 Cytosolic N-terminal exopeptidases, 5 Cytotoxic agents, 69 Cytotoxic T cells. See Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), 118, 122 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), 12, 59, 84, 87, 94–95. See also Cytotoxic CD4 þ T cells; Cytotoxic CD8 þ T cells antigenic response of, 138 in antitumor immune response, 86 in DC-based immunotherapy, 93 epitope, 118 hTRT-specific, 121 immunization for adoptive immunotherapy, 120 recognition of modified peptides by, 119 responses against self antigens, 111–117 responses in AIDS, 123 response to foreign antigen, 85 tumor-reactive, 110–111
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Translational Medicine Series 6 Can
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TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE SERIES 1. Pr
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Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Van
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Preface Throughout the last 20 year
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Preface vii Table 1 A Diverse Techn
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Preface . . . . v Contributors . .
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Contributors Pedro Alves Ludwig Ins
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1 Factoring in Antigen Processing i
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Factoring in Antigen Processing in
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Preclinical Models and Clinical Sit
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62 Srinivasan (69). In another stud
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64 Srinivasan patients with prostat
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86 Luptrawan et al. of cancer cells
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88 Luptrawan et al. NK cells can ki
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92 Luptrawan et al. state (50). Pat
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94 Luptrawan et al. ability of TIL
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96 Luptrawan et al. Figure 4 Drug s
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98 Luptrawan et al. Figure 6 Tumor
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104 Luptrawan et al. antigens (84,8
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