national-clinical-guidelines-for-stroke-fourth-edition

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5.3.3 Implications Most of these lifestyle changes will require resources and changes at a societal level but are likely to be cost-effective given the high cost of stroke. 5.4 Blood pressure Evidence to recommendations Blood pressure (BP) is the pre-eminent treatable risk factor for first and recurrent stroke. There is robust evidence that blood-pressure reduction after stroke or TIA prevents further vascular events (PROGRESS Collaborative Group 2001). In PROGRESS, the addition of two more BP-lowering drugs to people after stroke or TIA, 52% of whom were normotensive at entry (mean entry BP 136/79), reduced BP by 12/5 mmHg and resulted in a 42% reduction in recurrent stroke and 35% fewer major coronary events. Meta-analysis indicates the benefits of more intensive BP-lowering in the prevention of stroke and other vascular events at least among younger patients, with an additional reduction in risk of stroke and major cardiovascular events of 15–20% for a systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure reduction of 3/3 mmHg (Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration 2000). However, there is also significant evidence of a failure to fully implement the available evidence for the secondary prevention of stroke, principally blood-pressure management, which may lead to persisting elevated risk for many patients after stroke and TIA (Bernard et al 2008; Johnson et al 2007; Mouradian et al 2002). 5.4.1 Recommendations 5 Secondary prevention A All patients with stroke or TIA should have their blood pressure checked. Treatment should be initiated and/or increased as is necessary or tolerated to consistently achieve a clinic blood pressure below 130/80, except for patients with severe bilateral carotid stenosis, for whom a systolic blood pressure target of 130–150 is appropriate. B For patients aged 55 or over, and African or Caribbean patients of any age, antihypertensive treatment should typically be initiated with a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker or a thiazide-like diuretic. If target blood pressure is not achieved, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) should be added. C For patients, not of African or Caribbean origin younger than 55 years, the first choice for initial antihypertensive therapy should be an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or a low-cost angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB). D Blood-pressure lowering treatment should be initiated after stroke or TIA prior to hospital discharge or at 2 weeks, whichever is the soonest, or at the first clinic visit for non-admitted patients. Thereafter, treatment should be monitored frequently and increased as necessary to achieve target blood pressure as quickly as tolerated and safe in primary care. Patients who do not achieve target blood pressure should be referred for a specialist opinion. © Royal College of Physicians 2012 65
National clinical guideline for stroke 5.4.2 Sources A Prepared by: British Cardiac Society 2005; Rothwell et al 2003; Lakhan and Sapko 2009 B National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2011; PROGRESS Collaborative Group 2001 C National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2011 D National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2011; Rothwell et al 2007 5.5 Antithrombotic treatment Evidence to recommendations The Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration demonstrated a 22% reduction in the odds of a vascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke or vascular death) in patients with a previous stroke or TIA treated with antiplatelet drugs. In absolute terms, this equated to 36 fewer serious vascular events (25 fewer strokes) per 1,000 patients treated for a mean of 29 months (Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration 2002). Aspirin, modified-release dipyridamole and clopidogrel are the three drugs almost exclusively used in secondary prevention following TIA or ischaemic stroke in the UK. Comparative trials such as CAPRIE, ESPRIT and PRoFESS show that aspirin plus modified-release dipyridamole and clopidogrel monotherapy are equally effective, with both options superior to aspirin monotherapy. In absolute terms, these newer antiplatelet regimens result in about one fewer vascular event per year for every 100 patients treated compared with aspirin alone (Halkes et al 2008). The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel has been compared to clopidogrel monotherapy in patients with recent TIA or stroke (Diener et al 2004). The combination was not superior to monotherapy, with some evidence of increased side-effects, particularly bleeding. Nonetheless, this combination is still widely used particularly in the acute setting and after revascularisation procedures, though the evidence to support this practice is weak. There is evidence that even in short-term use the combination carries an increased risk of bleeding complications, particularly in aspirin-naive individuals (Geraghty et al 2010). A recent NICE technology appraisal recommends generic clopidogrel as the most costeffective antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention following ischaemic stroke (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2010a). Aspirin plus modifiedrelease dipyridamole is recommended for those unable to take clopidogrel, although this combination may be more difficult to tolerate, with a 29% discontinuation rate compared with 23% for clopidogrel in the PRoFESS study. Clopidogrel is not licensed for the management of TIA and therefore NICE recommends aspirin plus modified-release dipyridamole for this indication. Clinicians have tended to treat TIA and ischaemic stroke as different manifestations of the same disease and therefore it is illogical to have different treatment strategies for the two presentations. In producing this guideline the members of the working party felt that a unified approach to the treatment of TIA and ischaemic stroke would be appropriate. Whilst clopidogrel 66 © Royal College of Physicians 2012
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National clinical guideline for str
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The Royal College of Physicians The
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The Intercollegiate Stroke Working
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Conflicts of interest All working p
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Key recommendations Number Recommen
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Acknowledgements The Intercollegiat
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Glossary ABCD2 score Prognostic sco
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2 Commissioning of stroke services
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7 Long-term management 7.0 Introduc
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● where appropriate refer the per
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experience appropriate to meet thei
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Profession-specific concise guideli
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● ensure that all relevant inform
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C People with stroke should be offe
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● avoiding the use of overhead ar
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Carers (informal, unpaid) (7.6.1) A
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● any continuing specialist treat
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Lipid-lowering therapy (5.6.1) B Al
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Occupational therapy concise guide
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C Bilateral arm training involving
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● be referred to a specialist in
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problems, such as using notebooks,
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Physiotherapy concise guide for str
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medically unstable, by an appropria
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numerical rating scale), the modifi
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Cognitive impairments - general (6.
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E Patients with suspected TIA who a
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Lipid-lowering therapy (5.6.1) A Al
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● ask about and identify any abso
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formal review at least every 6 mont
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Depression and anxiety (6.35.1) A A
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Perception (6.42.1) A Any person wh
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days per week, at a level that enab
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language function should be assesse
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● organising and supporting venue
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Appendix 1 Evidence table reviewers
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Appendix 2 Peer reviewers Commissio
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Dr Katerina Hilari City University
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QM7 Urgent response All patients wi
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References Abbott AL (2009) Medical
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Cirstea MC, Levin MF (2007) Improve
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Fung TT, Chiuve SE, McCullough ML,
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Koyuncu E, Nakipoglu YG, Dogan A, O
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Mitchell PH, Veith RC, Becker KJ, B
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Rothwell P, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S,
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therapy for stroke inpatients. Clin
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