Volume 2 - LENR-CANR

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With the removal of the proton’s charge, it is possible for a new hydrogen nucleus to enter the same trapping point and bond with the neutron or neutron cluster. This is similar to concepts used in astrophysics and referred to as the S and R process that build the heavier elements inside of stars through accumulation of neutrons and β − decay. In QF cold to ultra-cold neutron(s) interact with another hydrogen nucleus moving through the lattice, resulting in 4 H. Part of the problem for established physics is that their information is based on big science accelerator experiments. This led to a policy at the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) that defines the “ground state” of a nucleus as the “lowest energy at which it has been observed”. The first three links you are likely to run across at the NNDC in relation to 4 H indicate that it undergoes a 100% neutron ejection decay path, even at what they have arbitrarily defined as the “ground state”. Another document, mass.mas03.txt states the mass of 4 H as being greater than the mass of tritium + a neutron. This was referred to as an un-bound nucleus. (Meaning what?) Researchers extrapolated the path of a neutron and a triton back to the same point. For 4 H that time of existence is so short it is given as a width of 4 MeV. That calculates out to roughly 10 -24 seconds, more precisely 82.28 yocto-seconds after an 8 MeV neutron collides with a 7 Li nuclei. I have discussed this with J. H. Kelly of the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC). He assured me that this was the absolute lowest energy level at which you could possibly create 4 H. (Does this sound like the ground state?) When 4 H is formed as an early intermediate decay product from a high-energy collision, there is sufficient momentum to make it energetically favorable for a neutron to carry the excess energy away before β − decay occurs. In a metallic lattice where low energy neutrons accumulate, β − is the decay path. Papers compiled in NNDC do indicate this. (The data is somewhat difficult to access. To retrieve it, go to http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensdf/, enter 4 H in the Quick search: box, and click “Search”. Click the check the box next to the 4 H and click “HTML”. See the first sentence in the data sheet.) According to Kelly, if there were some way to make 4 H at a low enough energy (≤3.53 MeV), then it would undergo β − decay. That can’t be done in an accelerator. When solid-state systems produce 4 He, each helium nucleus formed liberates between 23.2 MeV and 27.5 MeV depending on the exact path taken. Gross loading Existing attempts to harness the Fleischmann-Pons Effect depend on what I call Gross loading. By achieving a loading ratio greater than 0.85, the movement of hydrogen ions is limited by the number of open octahedral points. It also moves the lattice away from equilibrium and raises the base level result of the Hamiltonian operator. Why don’t all palladium samples work once the loading ratio exceeds 0.85? Researchers have talked about the grain structure and cracking. Wave phenomenon or phonons are reflected and refracted by grain boundaries and cracks or discontinuities. The Nuclear Active Environment is one where enough phonon peaks intersect to obtain the 1/r 12 + Heisenberg confinement energy necessary to affect electron capture events. Typical gross loading problems are driven in part by the quantity of hydrogen present in the lattice when the reaction starts. The bonding energy released in the formation of helium or transmutation causes a local chain reaction release of energy that eventually destroys the mechanical structure that was supporting the reaction. 577
Quantum Fusion (QF) Quantum Fusion avoids these problems by explicitly driving the required phonons or displacement of the lattice elements. By performing this in an explicit manner, it is possible to run the reaction at a very low level and low loading ratio. At this point Profusion Energy has not yet ascertained the minimum (loading*phonon level) necessary to run the reaction but the systems appear to begin producing excess heat as soon as they are activated. Another aspect that leads me to believe that the Fleischmann-Pons Effect is driven by rogue or super waves causing electron capture events is the system response to Q repetition rate. As the Q repetition rate is adjusted up, the reaction has peaks and then rolls off before picking back up to a higher peak as the repetition rate continues to increase. The current hardware has a maximum Q repetition rate of 100KHz but the best results obtained are below that frequency. The patent applications show a number of different ways to build a practical reactor but systems to date have been built using wire cores and fast current pulses for the Quantum Compression. Most of the scientific community agrees, it is not possible to overcome the coulumbic repulsion of hydrogen within a metallic lattice. However as I have just outlined, it is not necessary to overcome columbic repulsion. This is not fusion as currently defined. The Quantum Fusion Hypothesis not only explains the reaction but points to multiple ways of making industrially useful devices by controlling the underlying physics. References 1. R. E. Godes, The Quantum Fusion Hypothesis, Profusion Energy Inc., September 2008 www.profusionenergy.com/PhaseIVerificationData/ProfusionEnergyHypothesis.pdf 578
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Proceedings of the 14th Internation
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Table of Contents VOLUME 1 Preface
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Photon Measurements 326 Excess Heat
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Investigation of Deuteron-Deuteron
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Introduction to Cavitation Experime
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Bubble Driven Fusion Roger Stringha
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to the density of muon fusion syste
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4.184 Joules/calorie to give Qo. No
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References 1. M. P. Brenner, S. Hil
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Experiments on stimulation of cavit
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foil (thickness 0.1 mm) was situate
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the external surface of thick wall
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Introduction to Materials The outco
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the foils, and the effects of subse
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Material Science on Pd-D System to
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level required higher current compa
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morphology, and surface morphology
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Figure 11. Evolution of the input a
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Electrode Surface Morphology Charac
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fundamental peak; on the other hand
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RPSD@ max (x10 -32 m 4 ) 0.20 0.10
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2. V. Violante, F. Sarto, E.Castagn
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Experimental Starting with the meta
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Figure 3.1. A typical database reco
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palladium lot as received. Differen
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Condensed Matter “Cluster” Reac
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Loading Measurements A high-vacuum
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Reaction Rate Estimates An estimate
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References 1. Andrei Lipson, Brent
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Introduction to the Theory Papers P
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Foundations: Experimental Evidence,
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Such results are applicable to a wi
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electrostatic fields, that could ge
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Theory Papers 1. V. Adamenko & V.I.
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Figure 1. The general view and deta
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So with a high probability the unkn
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Potential energy of pair (without m
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the corresponding electron wave fun
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applicable in case of interaction o
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The expression in the exponent of (
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Empirical System Identification (ES
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esults of the previous sections to
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The higher the mass of a particle (
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The Hubbard model [18, 19], along w
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A B Figure 2. Atomic Arrangements o
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deuterons, their interaction is aff
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expected in D-D reactions is that w
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It is being argued that, while heav
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with odd permutations weighted by -
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20. C. Elsasser, K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan
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must have positive Bose Exchange sy
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these different statements that ref
Page 105 and 106: Fig.2 shows a pictorial representat
Page 107 and 108: (a) A Pictorial Representation of V
Page 109 and 110: esonance” can take place, in whic
Page 111 and 112: interior boundaries of the ordered
Page 113 and 114: Interface Model of Cold Fusion Talb
Page 115 and 116: D + Bloch "atom" sublayer, 3) epita
Page 117 and 118: sometimes stimulating an irreversib
Page 119 and 120: Toward an Explanation of Transmutat
Page 121 and 122: Given the well-established validity
Page 123 and 124: The next question is, therefore, if
Page 125 and 126: An Experimental Device to Test the
Page 127 and 128: Figure 1. Palladium/deuterium total
Page 129 and 130: Experimental Reaction enthalpies of
Page 131 and 132: 10. J. Dufour, X. Dufour, D. Murat
Page 133 and 134: Together with the Coulomb-repulsion
Page 135 and 136: “The Coulomb Barrier not Static i
Page 137 and 138: 2 16 2 gc 27 3 So, a solution for
Page 139 and 140: Moreover, we study the “nuclear e
Page 141 and 142: Then, according to the loading quan
Page 143 and 144: Having mapped that the -phase depen
Page 145 and 146: Considering the attractive force, d
Page 147 and 148: The expression (45) was partially e
Page 149 and 150: Table 1. Using the phase potential
Page 151 and 152: 10. A.De Ninno et al. Europhysics L
Page 153 and 154: Fusion system still outperformed th
Page 155: Van der Waals attraction occurs at
Page 159 and 160: Energy exchange There is some exper
Page 161 and 162: of the weak coupling matrix element
Page 163 and 164: Figure 3. Energy levels that contri
Page 165 and 166: Input to Theory from Experiment in
Page 167 and 168: substrate, and excess heat is obser
Page 169 and 170: 4. Laser stimulation Letts and Crav
Page 171 and 172: energetic particles are produced, o
Page 173 and 174: 15. K. Kunimatsu, N. Hasegawa, A. K
Page 175 and 176: A Theoretical Formulation for Probl
Page 177 and 178: at some point we will require tools
Page 179 and 180: 3. Matrix element example The appro
Page 181 and 182: Now the wavefunction on the RHS has
Page 183 and 184: Theory of Low-Energy Deuterium Fusi
Page 185 and 186: If mobile deuterons in a metal are
Page 187 and 188: allowed since [Z1/m1] = [Z2/m2], an
Page 189 and 190: traps (in 3g of Pd particles with a
Page 191 and 192: 9. S.N. Bose, Z. Phys. 26, 178 (192
Page 193 and 194: system composed of host nuclei and
Page 195 and 196: A simple specific form of beff (p)
Page 197 and 198: Nuclear Transmutations in Polyethyl
Page 199 and 200: Furthermore, there are interesting
Page 201 and 202: The NT’s in phenanthrene [7] may
Page 203 and 204: explains why there is no neutron em
Page 205 and 206: T+T Fusion CrossSection (Barn) T+T
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science, the incident energy is so
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When the incident energy approaches
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9. Chadwick, M. B., Oblozinsky, P.,
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He = Em C + m Cm + tmn (C + m Cm
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where k 2 = (2 Md Ea / ħ ) = Md 2
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y altering the shape of the Coulomb
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Analysis and Confirmation of the
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This is the basic Langevin equation
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The fusion rate is calculated by th
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EQPET molecule must go back and con
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Introduction to Challenges and Summ
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notes that the common usage of the
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insufficient to allow us to reprodu
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in the early days of semiconductors
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Water In Acrylic Toppiece Gas Tube
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Much of this uncertainty would be r
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Figure 5. The effect of input power
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maximum values. From these values w
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considerably that they were enginee
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Technogies”, in 11th Internationa
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Self-Polarisation of Fusion Diodes:
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We propose that in this field of on
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Results A. Self-sustained voltage O
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Figure 6. Differential calorimeter
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Weight of Evidence for the Fleischm
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Figure 1. Multiple support for a hy
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P(D | T) = P(T | D) P(D) / P(T) = 0
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For more information about Bayesian
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positive is in the range 0.980 ± 0
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With the notation Emn = “m heads
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3.1. Selected papers Cravens and Le
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Table 3. P(Eif | Pf) Table 4. P(Ein
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Condensed Matter Nuclear Science”
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4. J. Breese and D. Koller, “Tuto
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Taking the nuclear origin of copiou
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The evolution of protoscience into
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References 1. Mosier-Boss, P.A., et
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Cold fusion (CF) is a potentially r
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ISCMNS has initiated a CF-dedicated
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Table 2. Current Methods and Propos
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For the CF/OSSc project, the ISCMNS
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ole of skeptical mainstream physici
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sized Pd and Pd alloy particles. Ap
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Honoring Pioneers For most fields o
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A&Z introduced new terms to describ
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The top portion of Fig. 3 shows plo
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Figure 7. New catalyst shows nano-P
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catalyst to outer vessel wall is 7
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Establishment of the “Solid Fusio
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Figure 1. Experimental Device Figur
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[The protocol for producing the ZrO
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Figure 5A. Comparison of generation
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Figure 6. Gas pressure characterist
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Note on Sources The Abstract is a r
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37. Arata Y, Zhang Y-C; Proc. Japan
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LENR Research using Co-Deposition S
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that the tritium production was spo
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 4. Images obtain
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SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific Pd:D
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7. S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, S.R.
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17. S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, and
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Preparata Prize Acceptance Speech I
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Cold Fusion Country History Project
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2. “Condensed Matter Nuclear Scie
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need for a coordinated effort in ma
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Colloid J. USSR 48, 8(1986)). In 19
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scientists on the problem of Cold F
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Financial support for the conferenc
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Author Index Pages are in Volume 1
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Wang, J., 299 Watanabe, A., 338 Wei
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