Volume 2 - LENR-CANR

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Open Source Science Applied to CMNS Research: A Paradigm for Enhancing Cold Fusion Prospects and the Public Interest Thomas W. Grimshaw Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin Abstract Open Source Science (OSSc) is a collaborative, voluntary (uncompensated) and highly distributed method of research that emphasizes the use of new digital technologies, particularly the Internet. The OSSc paradigm grew out of the open source software movement, which has resulted in wide availability of free software (such as the Linux operating system) as an alternative to proprietary software products. The public interest in the success of cold fusion has long been recognized because of the potential social welfare benefits related to its possibilities for very low cost energy. Cold fusion researchers, because of rejection of their field by mainstream science and continued highly marginalized research conditions, employ many of the methods and tools of OSSc. For example, they use websites for posting research papers and Internet discussion groups for introducing ideas and dialoguing online about the relative merits of those ideas. The prospects of cold fusion success may be significantly enhanced by extending the current informal and implicit use of OSSc-type methods to more organized and explicit deployment under the sponsorship of a recognized professional organization such as ISCMNS. A formal, sponsored use of OSSc for support of cold fusion could bring powerful OSSc methods into play that are not currently used. The prospects for cold fusion success, and the associated public interest in that success, may be significantly enhanced by expanded and more disciplined application of OSSc methods by the research community. 1. Introduction Open Source Science (OSSc) is a recent development in the methodologies of scientific investigation that departs significantly from scientific practice as it has evolved in recent decades. OSSc is enabled by technologies of the digital revolution, particularly the Internet, and embraces a collaborative investigative approach. OSSc grew out of Internet-supported collaborative development of software under a paradigm known as Open Source Software (OSS). One particularly successful example of the OSS paradigm is the Linux operating system software. 729
Cold fusion (CF) is a potentially revolutionary scientific discovery in which nuclear fusion is achieved at non-explosive rates and at ambient (near-earth-surface) temperatures. CF 1 was announced by two research chemists 2 in 1989 as a scientific breakthrough with promise of meeting most of the energy needs of society. However, for a variety of reasons (both technical and sociological), CF was rejected by the mainstream scientific community within a year of its announcement. Despite this rejection, research into CF has continued under highly marginalized conditions by a relatively small group of capable and reputable scientists. This research appears to show evidence of the validity of CF phenomena. With its current state of rejection and marginalization, CF appears to be an ideal candidate for research under the OSSc paradigm, not only because of the appeal of voluntary research contributions in the absence of funding from conventional resources, but also because of theoretical challenges whose resolution may benefit from the insights and perspectives of other fields besides nuclear physics. 2. The Open Source Science Paradigm Open Source Science is a paradigm for conducting research that differs substantially from conventional science as it has evolved in the last few decades. In the OSSc perspective, research (and the resulting knowledge) is viewed as a public good – as belonging to the commons – and as freely accessible rather than protected by property rights. This perspective was initially brought forth in the context of collaborative development of computer software (OSS) and has extended into other areas, including publication of technical literature (Open Access, OA) and scientific investigation (OSSc). OSSc not only reemphasizes a traditional viewpoint toward science and knowledge as part of the commons, but it also makes use of powerful tools, such as communication and electronic file management functions of the Internet, to further or enhance collaboration in scientific investigation. It also encourages, and provides the means for, the synergy of many people with different backgrounds and perspectives to attack a problem. Such collaborative effects provide the basis for cross-fertilization among different fields and disciplines, one of the most powerful methods of achieving new insights into a problem area 3 . Although OSSc represents a constructive return to the traditional values and practices of science, and adds significantly to scientific practice through the power of the Internet, it is not without issues. For OSSc specifically, Schweik (2007) identifies four areas needing urgent 1 Some CF researchers have sought to replace “cold fusion” with other more accurate terms, including “low energy nuclear reactions” (<strong>LENR</strong>), “chemically assisted nuclear reactions” (<strong>CANR</strong>), and “condensed matter nuclear science” (CMNS). Although the new terms are legitimate and helpful, “cold fusion” continues to be readily recognized and widely used. 2 Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons 3 Several websites have been set up specifically to offer rewards and provide a venue for creative people of different disciplines to seek solutions to problems that have proven to be intractable within the field in which they originated. See, for example, the Innocentive website at http://www.innocentive.com. 730
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Proceedings of the 14th Internation
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Table of Contents VOLUME 1 Preface
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Photon Measurements 326 Excess Heat
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Investigation of Deuteron-Deuteron
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Introduction to Cavitation Experime
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Bubble Driven Fusion Roger Stringha
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to the density of muon fusion syste
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4.184 Joules/calorie to give Qo. No
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References 1. M. P. Brenner, S. Hil
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Experiments on stimulation of cavit
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foil (thickness 0.1 mm) was situate
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the external surface of thick wall
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Introduction to Materials The outco
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the foils, and the effects of subse
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Material Science on Pd-D System to
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level required higher current compa
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morphology, and surface morphology
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Figure 11. Evolution of the input a
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Electrode Surface Morphology Charac
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fundamental peak; on the other hand
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RPSD@ max (x10 -32 m 4 ) 0.20 0.10
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2. V. Violante, F. Sarto, E.Castagn
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Experimental Starting with the meta
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Figure 3.1. A typical database reco
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palladium lot as received. Differen
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Condensed Matter “Cluster” Reac
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Loading Measurements A high-vacuum
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Reaction Rate Estimates An estimate
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References 1. Andrei Lipson, Brent
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Introduction to the Theory Papers P
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Foundations: Experimental Evidence,
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Such results are applicable to a wi
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electrostatic fields, that could ge
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Theory Papers 1. V. Adamenko & V.I.
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Figure 1. The general view and deta
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So with a high probability the unkn
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Potential energy of pair (without m
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the corresponding electron wave fun
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applicable in case of interaction o
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The expression in the exponent of (
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Empirical System Identification (ES
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esults of the previous sections to
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The higher the mass of a particle (
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The Hubbard model [18, 19], along w
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A B Figure 2. Atomic Arrangements o
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deuterons, their interaction is aff
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expected in D-D reactions is that w
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It is being argued that, while heav
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with odd permutations weighted by -
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20. C. Elsasser, K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan
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must have positive Bose Exchange sy
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these different statements that ref
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Fig.2 shows a pictorial representat
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(a) A Pictorial Representation of V
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esonance” can take place, in whic
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interior boundaries of the ordered
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Interface Model of Cold Fusion Talb
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D + Bloch "atom" sublayer, 3) epita
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sometimes stimulating an irreversib
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Toward an Explanation of Transmutat
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Given the well-established validity
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The next question is, therefore, if
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An Experimental Device to Test the
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Figure 1. Palladium/deuterium total
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Experimental Reaction enthalpies of
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10. J. Dufour, X. Dufour, D. Murat
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Together with the Coulomb-repulsion
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“The Coulomb Barrier not Static i
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2 16 2 gc 27 3 So, a solution for
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Moreover, we study the “nuclear e
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Then, according to the loading quan
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Having mapped that the -phase depen
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Considering the attractive force, d
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The expression (45) was partially e
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Table 1. Using the phase potential
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10. A.De Ninno et al. Europhysics L
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Fusion system still outperformed th
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Van der Waals attraction occurs at
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Quantum Fusion (QF) Quantum Fusion
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Energy exchange There is some exper
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of the weak coupling matrix element
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Figure 3. Energy levels that contri
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Input to Theory from Experiment in
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substrate, and excess heat is obser
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4. Laser stimulation Letts and Crav
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energetic particles are produced, o
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15. K. Kunimatsu, N. Hasegawa, A. K
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A Theoretical Formulation for Probl
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at some point we will require tools
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3. Matrix element example The appro
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Now the wavefunction on the RHS has
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Theory of Low-Energy Deuterium Fusi
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If mobile deuterons in a metal are
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allowed since [Z1/m1] = [Z2/m2], an
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traps (in 3g of Pd particles with a
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9. S.N. Bose, Z. Phys. 26, 178 (192
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system composed of host nuclei and
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A simple specific form of beff (p)
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Nuclear Transmutations in Polyethyl
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Furthermore, there are interesting
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The NT’s in phenanthrene [7] may
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explains why there is no neutron em
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T+T Fusion CrossSection (Barn) T+T
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science, the incident energy is so
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When the incident energy approaches
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9. Chadwick, M. B., Oblozinsky, P.,
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He = Em C + m Cm + tmn (C + m Cm
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where k 2 = (2 Md Ea / ħ ) = Md 2
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y altering the shape of the Coulomb
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Analysis and Confirmation of the
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This is the basic Langevin equation
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The fusion rate is calculated by th
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EQPET molecule must go back and con
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Introduction to Challenges and Summ
Page 229 and 230: notes that the common usage of the
Page 231 and 232: insufficient to allow us to reprodu
Page 233 and 234: in the early days of semiconductors
Page 235 and 236: Water In Acrylic Toppiece Gas Tube
Page 237 and 238: Much of this uncertainty would be r
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5. The effect of input power
Page 241 and 242: maximum values. From these values w
Page 243 and 244: considerably that they were enginee
Page 245 and 246: Technogies”, in 11th Internationa
Page 247 and 248: Self-Polarisation of Fusion Diodes:
Page 249 and 250: We propose that in this field of on
Page 251 and 252: Results A. Self-sustained voltage O
Page 253 and 254: Figure 6. Differential calorimeter
Page 255 and 256: Weight of Evidence for the Fleischm
Page 257 and 258: Figure 1. Multiple support for a hy
Page 259 and 260: P(D | T) = P(T | D) P(D) / P(T) = 0
Page 261 and 262: For more information about Bayesian
Page 263 and 264: positive is in the range 0.980 ± 0
Page 265 and 266: With the notation Emn = “m heads
Page 267 and 268: 3.1. Selected papers Cravens and Le
Page 269 and 270: Table 3. P(Eif | Pf) Table 4. P(Ein
Page 271 and 272: Condensed Matter Nuclear Science”
Page 273 and 274: 4. J. Breese and D. Koller, “Tuto
Page 275 and 276: Taking the nuclear origin of copiou
Page 277 and 278: The evolution of protoscience into
Page 279: References 1. Mosier-Boss, P.A., et
Page 283 and 284: ISCMNS has initiated a CF-dedicated
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Current Methods and Propos
Page 287 and 288: For the CF/OSSc project, the ISCMNS
Page 289 and 290: ole of skeptical mainstream physici
Page 291 and 292: sized Pd and Pd alloy particles. Ap
Page 293 and 294: Honoring Pioneers For most fields o
Page 295 and 296: A&Z introduced new terms to describ
Page 297 and 298: The top portion of Fig. 3 shows plo
Page 299 and 300: Figure 7. New catalyst shows nano-P
Page 301 and 302: catalyst to outer vessel wall is 7
Page 303 and 304: Establishment of the “Solid Fusio
Page 305 and 306: Figure 1. Experimental Device Figur
Page 307 and 308: [The protocol for producing the ZrO
Page 309 and 310: Figure 5A. Comparison of generation
Page 311 and 312: Figure 6. Gas pressure characterist
Page 313 and 314: Note on Sources The Abstract is a r
Page 315 and 316: 37. Arata Y, Zhang Y-C; Proc. Japan
Page 317 and 318: LENR Research using Co-Deposition S
Page 319 and 320: that the tritium production was spo
Page 321 and 322: (a) (b) (c) Figure 4. Images obtain
Page 323 and 324: SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific Pd:D
Page 325 and 326: 7. S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, S.R.
Page 327 and 328: 17. S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, and
Page 329 and 330: Preparata Prize Acceptance Speech I
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Cold Fusion Country History Project
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2. “Condensed Matter Nuclear Scie
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need for a coordinated effort in ma
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Colloid J. USSR 48, 8(1986)). In 19
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scientists on the problem of Cold F
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Financial support for the conferenc
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Author Index Pages are in Volume 1
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Wang, J., 299 Watanabe, A., 338 Wei
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