Urban Poverty & Climate Change in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

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Diarrhea Pneumonia Pneumonia Ski Infections Diarrhea Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Pneumonia Protein energy Noninfectious gastro Skin infection, non fungal Intestinal Worms Diarrhea Urinary tract infection malnutrition Eye Infections Skin infection, non fungal Nutritional deficiencies Skin Infection Urinary tract infection Skin infections Anemia Intestinal Worms Skin Infection Ear Infection Skin infection, non-fungal Worms Anemia Eye Infection Tuberculosis Minor Surgery Ear Infection Dysentery Anemia Diarrhea Source: Hospital and Health Centers, MTUHA Registers (researched in 2010 by IRA) Table 4 shows that water borne disease, vector borne disease and parasites, infections, and malnutrition abound. Malaria is common – a vector-borne disease that is exacerbated by standing water conditions. Acute respiratory infection is also prevalent, reflecting poor housing conditions and improper ventilation. The high incidence of diarrhea, intestinal worms and gastroenteritis are indications of poor sanitation conditions and contamination of food and soil with human excrement. Poor personal hygiene is also evident from the fact that water-washed diseases (e.g., infectious skin and eye diseases) are rampant, as are fecal-oral diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery. Data from household surveys The University of Dar es Salaam study team included questions on health in the household questionnaires implemented in unplanned settlements. Residents were asked to rank diseases suffered in the household within the previous two weeks. As shown in Figure 20, more households suffered malaria “very frequently” than any other ailment, and diarrhea, typhoid and intestinal worms were also found to be common, indicating poor environmental conditions. 42
Figure 20: Illnesses and diseases suffered by residents in households within 2 two weeks prior to the survey implemented in October 2010 (n=543) Malaria Source: University of Dar es Salaam, Case Study Team (2010) Global malaria mapping ranks Tanzania a very high malaria endemicity area (as defined by WHO) with 10 percent of its urban and rural population at risk, the most vulnerable groups being pregnant women and children under 5 years of age (WMO, 2010). According to health services professionals, malaria is Dar es Salaam’s foremost health problem for both adults and children (Tanner et al., 1991). Despite marked seasonality in mosquito densities, which usually peak with the rain season, malaria transmission is intense and recurrent, which could be explained by the fact that malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are reported to be rampant throughout the year in Dar es Salaam, due to frequent accumulation of water in residential environments. Figure 21 shows an urban malaria risk map for Dar es Salaam based on studies conducted by de Castro et al. (2004). The mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus are the main vectors, with an estimated 200–300 infective bites per person per year, mostly in waterlogged urban and rural areas of Tanzania (Smith et al., 1993). Life-threatening malaria is reported to occur largely in children, commonly those under a year old (Schellenberg et al., 1999). According to a study conducted by De Castro et al. (2004), 2-10 percent of school children living in urban Dar es Salaam are infected with malaria. Anemia, largely caused by malaria (Menendez et al., 2000), is also common in adults and children. The Government’s efforts to control malaria are discussed later in this Section. 43
Page 1 and 2: Final Report Urban Poverty & Climat
Page 3 and 4: 5.2 Relevant policies..............
Page 5 and 6: List of Boxes Box 1 Flood Early War
Page 7 and 8: NLFEP NSSCP NTD PMI PMORALG PRB PRE
Page 9 and 10: over coming decades in Dar es Salaa
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background to th
Page 13 and 14: water is unsafe for household use.
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1(a) shows Dar es Salaam’s
Page 17 and 18: For each location, the area leader
Page 19 and 20: displays the major zones. Natural v
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5: Trend of mean minimum tem
Page 23 and 24: Figure 9: Number of rain days per y
Page 25 and 26: Table 2: Information on significant
Page 27 and 28: Figure 12: Projected mean annual te
Page 29 and 30: Figure 15: Projections of monthly p
Page 31 and 32: Table 3 Population and assets expos
Page 33 and 34: climatic events (e.g., the droughts
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2002). IFPRI (2006) also show
Page 37 and 38: quality. Olvera et al. (2002) state
Page 39 and 40: Several agencies are engaged in hou
Page 41: water table and poor drainage syste
Page 45 and 46: 158 cases of cholera in 2009 (6 bel
Page 47 and 48: providing a suitable breeding groun
Page 49 and 50: asked about strategies used to comb
Page 51 and 52: From Table 5, it may be seen that a
Page 53 and 54: contaminated rivers that not only c
Page 55 and 56: The link between climate and income
Page 57 and 58: 4 The Urban Poverty - Climate Chang
Page 59 and 60: (vi) Kunduchi and Bahari Beach Thes
Page 61 and 62: Figure 25: Flood hazard zone map ov
Page 63 and 64: Photo 3 Waste-dumping along storm-w
Page 65 and 66: disease incidence. Prolonged drough
Page 67 and 68: Figure 28 (b) Modeled flood extent
Page 69 and 70: 4.3 Poverty, pollution and GHG emit
Page 71 and 72: households) and gas (3 percent). Ta
Page 73 and 74: Box 3: Roles of the City Council an
Page 75 and 76: 5.3 Programs and projects 5.3.1 Red
Page 77 and 78: to give employment priority to comm
Page 79 and 80: Improvements were undertaken by cit
Page 81 and 82: 5.3.3 Mitigation-Friendly Policies
Page 83 and 84: 4 GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change f
Page 85 and 86: 6.1 Proposed areas for support Supp
Page 87 and 88: change, so that they could formulat
Page 89 and 90: • In-depth analysis is needed of
Page 91 and 92: Kyessi, S and Kyessi, A. (2007). Re
Page 93 and 94:
93 Annex 1 (a) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
Page 95 and 96:
Table 2: Construction Materials Wal
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...................................
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31. How does your water taste: 1.Go
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1. Monthly ( ) 2. Three to six mont
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49. Rank five (5) major problems fa
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54. What activities/behaviour pract
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water drainage channel 2.1 Assessme
Page 109 and 110:
109 Annex 1(b) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
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No 1 Name of City Program Instituti
Page 113 and 114:
113 Annex 1 (c) URBAN POVERTY AND C
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3 Environmental Monitoring 4 Beach
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No Type of poverty alleviation supp
Page 119 and 120:
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW CHECKLIST 1
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Dar Es Salaam Administrative Struct
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CITY COUNCIL Officials Interviewed
Page 125 and 126:
Ubungo Kibangu Paul Thomas Tabata-M
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A simplified flowchart of the metho
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connected together by connection no
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