Urban Poverty & Climate Change in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

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• Implement a Green Competition for the cleanest area (by Mtaa and Municipality) based on several sectoral indicators. 5.4 Spending on pro-poor services and infrastructure Dar es Salaam’s municipal agencies provide infrastructure and socio-economic services such as health, water, education, solid waste management, cooperative and community development, roads, development of natural resources, trade and agriculture and livestock sectors, and information and communication technology development. Despite efforts to improve social services for city dwellers, increased migration and unemployment have made services poor and unaffordable. Rapid urbanization in Dar es Salaam is resulting in growing numbers of the population living in un-planned, densely settled squatter areas with little or no access to social services (URT, 2004). Despite purported improvements in fiscal position and revenue collection systems, improved record-keeping and enhanced accountability, the Dar es Salaam City Council (including its Municipalities) still faces considerable challenges in spending on pro-poor services and on improving infrastructure in unplanned and underserved areas. Significant increase in revenue-generation is needed to ensure both increased service coverage and quality of services, particularly taking into account the additional resilience needed to reduce the risk posed by climate change for the city. Priorities in meeting the challenges include improving information systems (databases) and updating valuation rolls; optimizing the potential of property tax and simplifying the development levy; and developing vigilant collection strategies and more enhanced law enforcement capacity (City Council, undated Brief DSM V2: 6) 5.5 Financial Mechanisms for climate change adaptation and mitigation Many developing countries, including Tanzania, are adversely affected by current climatic variability as well as expected future impacts of climate change, and lack the financial resources to adapt. Poverty is also leading to the degradation of natural resources, such as forests, in many developing countries; this trend provides the basis for investment in projects to increase carbon sinks in these areas and thus contribute towards global efforts to mitigate climate change. Funding is increasingly being made available to developing countries for both adaptation and mitigation purposes (Table 13 lists funds that Tanzania is eligible to access). Table 13: Climate Change finances in which Tanzania is eligible and status of the available fund (as of Dec 2010) No. Fund Pledged (US$ million) Deposited (US$ million) 82 Disbursed: annual total (US$ million) 1 Adaptation Fund (AF) 162.57 162.56 5.98 156.59 2 Clean Technology Fund (CTF) 4,387.75 483.50 9.30 4372.45 3 GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change focal area (GEF 4) 1,032.92 1,032.92 1,017.88 15.04 Funds available (including pledges) (US$ million)
4 GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change focal area (GEF 5) 1,359.38 0.00 N/A 1359.38 5 Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) 180.81 155.36 125.21 55.6 6 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) 123.09 104.12 97.15 25.94 7 Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) 2,529.00 635.07 N/A N/A 8 Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA) 50.00 50.00 50.00 N/A 9 UN-REDD Programme 74.44 54.12 29.52 44.92 10 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) 220.64 166.44 4.42 216.22 11 Forest Investment Program (FIP) 562.10 33.90 2.00 560.1 12 Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) 204.15 205.15 8.10 196.05 13 Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) 169.50 63.68 0.00 169.5 14 15,000.0 Hatoyama Initiative 0 5,320.00 5,320.00 9680 15 International Climate Initiative (ICI) 519.60 515.61 258.02 261.58 Source: Climate Change Updates (2010) The governments of Norway and Denmark have both made commitments to support climate change initiatives in Tanzania. Norway has expressed interest in promoting economic growth and poverty reduction with a focus on energy, climate and environment, as well as improvements in maternal and child health. Tanzania and Norway are working together to combat climate change, including through efforts in reducing deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), for which Norway has allocated NOK 500 million (US$ 73 million) for the development of a 5-year national REDD program. Tanzania’s REDD strategy is being developed in collaboration with the UN-REDD Programme. Denmark has supported Tanzania on environmental issues for several years, on issues such as urban environmental management and natural resources management, including forestry and wetlands management. Denmark also supports environmental mainstreaming in policies, strategies and legislation, including in the Poverty Reduction Strategy. Effectiveness and sustainability of existing mechanisms Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies have largely focused on the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors. Activities have centered on forestry and wildlife conservation, promotion of sustainable agriculture, and enhancing sustainable land use. A few REDD and CDM projects are in the pipeline for Tanzania. Other measures are being undertaken through ministerial arrangements, e.g., the national forestry and beekeeping programme (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism), PADEP (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security) and efforts in integrated water resources management (Ministry of Water and Irrigation). These programs receive local and international financial support to orient their focus on facilitating sustainable use of natural resources as a strategy for reducing GHG emissions, improving the livelihoods of poor 83
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Final Report Urban Poverty & Climat
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5.2 Relevant policies..............
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List of Boxes Box 1 Flood Early War
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NLFEP NSSCP NTD PMI PMORALG PRB PRE
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over coming decades in Dar es Salaa
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background to th
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water is unsafe for household use.
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Figure 1(a) shows Dar es Salaam’s
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For each location, the area leader
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displays the major zones. Natural v
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Figure 5: Trend of mean minimum tem
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Figure 9: Number of rain days per y
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Table 2: Information on significant
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Figure 12: Projected mean annual te
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Figure 15: Projections of monthly p
Page 31 and 32: Table 3 Population and assets expos
Page 33 and 34: climatic events (e.g., the droughts
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2002). IFPRI (2006) also show
Page 37 and 38: quality. Olvera et al. (2002) state
Page 39 and 40: Several agencies are engaged in hou
Page 41 and 42: water table and poor drainage syste
Page 43 and 44: Figure 20: Illnesses and diseases s
Page 45 and 46: 158 cases of cholera in 2009 (6 bel
Page 47 and 48: providing a suitable breeding groun
Page 49 and 50: asked about strategies used to comb
Page 51 and 52: From Table 5, it may be seen that a
Page 53 and 54: contaminated rivers that not only c
Page 55 and 56: The link between climate and income
Page 57 and 58: 4 The Urban Poverty - Climate Chang
Page 59 and 60: (vi) Kunduchi and Bahari Beach Thes
Page 61 and 62: Figure 25: Flood hazard zone map ov
Page 63 and 64: Photo 3 Waste-dumping along storm-w
Page 65 and 66: disease incidence. Prolonged drough
Page 67 and 68: Figure 28 (b) Modeled flood extent
Page 69 and 70: 4.3 Poverty, pollution and GHG emit
Page 71 and 72: households) and gas (3 percent). Ta
Page 73 and 74: Box 3: Roles of the City Council an
Page 75 and 76: 5.3 Programs and projects 5.3.1 Red
Page 77 and 78: to give employment priority to comm
Page 79 and 80: Improvements were undertaken by cit
Page 81: 5.3.3 Mitigation-Friendly Policies
Page 85 and 86: 6.1 Proposed areas for support Supp
Page 87 and 88: change, so that they could formulat
Page 89 and 90: • In-depth analysis is needed of
Page 91 and 92: Kyessi, S and Kyessi, A. (2007). Re
Page 93 and 94: 93 Annex 1 (a) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
Page 95 and 96: Table 2: Construction Materials Wal
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Page 99 and 100: 31. How does your water taste: 1.Go
Page 101 and 102: 1. Monthly ( ) 2. Three to six mont
Page 103 and 104: 49. Rank five (5) major problems fa
Page 105 and 106: 54. What activities/behaviour pract
Page 107 and 108: water drainage channel 2.1 Assessme
Page 109 and 110: 109 Annex 1(b) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
Page 111 and 112: No 1 Name of City Program Instituti
Page 113 and 114: 113 Annex 1 (c) URBAN POVERTY AND C
Page 115 and 116: 3 Environmental Monitoring 4 Beach
Page 117 and 118: No Type of poverty alleviation supp
Page 119 and 120: KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW CHECKLIST 1
Page 121 and 122: Dar Es Salaam Administrative Struct
Page 123 and 124: CITY COUNCIL Officials Interviewed
Page 125 and 126: Ubungo Kibangu Paul Thomas Tabata-M
Page 127 and 128: A simplified flowchart of the metho
Page 129: connected together by connection no
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Urban Poverty & Climate Change in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

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