Urban Poverty & Climate Change in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

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National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000) This Policy emphasized the need to restrict construction in hazardous and undeveloped natural lands, called upon the Government to ensure that hazardous areas were protected from encroachment, and restricted the issuance of titles to developers invading open spaces and hazardous lands. A year after this Policy was approved, however, the Kinondoni Municipal Council, in Dar es Salaam, prepared a subdivision plan that covered part of a wetland, and approved of the development of a large-scale shopping center and a high-rise hotel building. According to Meshack et al. (2006), these developments have increased the flood risk to the area, and both have been constructed on the drainage channel that used to channel stormwater drainage to the Indian Ocean. Consequently, when it rains, stormwater collects in the low-income residential area and stagnates in the settlement for more than three months (ibid.). 5.2.2 Environment and climate related policy Environmental policies The National Environmental Policy (1997) and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA No. 20, of 2004) provide a framework for implementation of both adaptation responses and mitigation measures. The NEMA (2004) provides a comprehensive environmental framework that is intended to streamline management of the environment in Tanzania and is used as a reference regulation for environmental protection in Tanzania. It makes an environmental impact assessment (EIA) mandatory prior to the development of specific types of projects, outlines steps to be followed during an EIA, and elaborates how authorization of a development project is to be given in accordance with the law. It gives powers to the National Management Council (NEMC) to ensure compliance of the NEMA in collaboration with other stakeholders. Some measures have already been addressed and are carried forward. These include undertaking of EIAs for development projects and investments, and the promotion of energy saving cooking stoves and other energy efficient utilities (solar, biogas, biofuel). Efforts are being made to incorporate climate change concerns in development plans. Climate change policy Tanzania has ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequently acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in April 1996. Since then it has been making efforts to contribute to the broad-level response to climate change, i.e., to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as towards adapting to the impacts of climate change. The country’s Development Vision 2025 (URT, 2003) also provides an important basis for implementing climate change mitigation measures, although it does not mention climate change specifically. 74
5.3 Programs and projects 5.3.1 Reducing the vulnerability of Dar es Salaam’s poor The Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project, and the Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP) The 1980s saw poor regulation of development in Dar es Salaam, which led to a leadership crisis and dismissal of the City Council in the early 1990s. With the goal of eventually revising the city’s Master Plan to improve city management, the Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development requested technical assistance from UN-Habitat, which advised that a stakeholder-driven approach should be adopted, focusing on cross-sectoral and inter-agency coordination. Thus a new approach to development of the city began with the Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project, in 1992, and, following consultations, to the formulation of the Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP). The SUDP, initiated in 1992, included management of hazardous lands and open spaces. The initiative was funded by ILO-Assist, UNDP-UNV, Ford Foundation, Cowi Consult (which designs stormwater drainage structures) and UNCH-Habitat, and involved the Kinondoni Municipal Council, the National Income Generating Programme and the University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS). Residents were involved in land use planning and improvement of their areas. The program covered floodprone areas such as Hanna Nassif, located along the Msimbazi Valley. Some 20,000 people (or 5,045 households) lived along the edge of Msimbazi Valley, an area highly prone to flooding due to its location. The Project was implemented in three phases and involved (i) training residents (both men and women) in construction and repair of storm water drainage systems, (ii) provision of facilities for a credit association, dispensary, and water-vending kiosk, and (iii) creation of a community-based organization (CBO) for managing the credit facility and for improving livelihoods, as well as (iv) creation of a CBO for waste collection. Evaluation of the SUDP Hanna Nassif initiative in 2000, by the I.T. Transport of UK and IRA-UDSM, indicated great success in the control of floods, and in disposal of crude sewage and wastewater. Reassessment of the area in 2010 (Kiwasila, 2010), however, showed resurgence of previous unsanitary practices, such as: direct disposal of sewage into open drains that were created under SUDP through participatory efforts of the community (see Photo 5); connecting septic tanks and pit latrines to the drains; constructing petty trade structures on top of drainage channels; and disposing of solid waste, sweepings and silt into the drains. It also appears that improvements to the area led the land’s value to increase and owners sold their land to investors (of bars, casinos and lodges) and themselves relocated to cheaper, more vulnerable valley areas. The fact that private owners of housing in improved unplanned settlements tend to sell their property upon its improvement poses an impediment to the goal of developing a well-planned city, as the sold houses are further constructed upon and unorganized multi-storey buildings are erected. Such community improvement programs should attempt to incorporate measures to induce the poor to retain their improved housing structures and improved plots of land. 75
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Final Report Urban Poverty & Climat
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5.2 Relevant policies..............
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List of Boxes Box 1 Flood Early War
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NLFEP NSSCP NTD PMI PMORALG PRB PRE
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over coming decades in Dar es Salaa
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background to th
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water is unsafe for household use.
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Figure 1(a) shows Dar es Salaam’s
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For each location, the area leader
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displays the major zones. Natural v
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Figure 5: Trend of mean minimum tem
Page 23 and 24: Figure 9: Number of rain days per y
Page 25 and 26: Table 2: Information on significant
Page 27 and 28: Figure 12: Projected mean annual te
Page 29 and 30: Figure 15: Projections of monthly p
Page 31 and 32: Table 3 Population and assets expos
Page 33 and 34: climatic events (e.g., the droughts
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2002). IFPRI (2006) also show
Page 37 and 38: quality. Olvera et al. (2002) state
Page 39 and 40: Several agencies are engaged in hou
Page 41 and 42: water table and poor drainage syste
Page 43 and 44: Figure 20: Illnesses and diseases s
Page 45 and 46: 158 cases of cholera in 2009 (6 bel
Page 47 and 48: providing a suitable breeding groun
Page 49 and 50: asked about strategies used to comb
Page 51 and 52: From Table 5, it may be seen that a
Page 53 and 54: contaminated rivers that not only c
Page 55 and 56: The link between climate and income
Page 57 and 58: 4 The Urban Poverty - Climate Chang
Page 59 and 60: (vi) Kunduchi and Bahari Beach Thes
Page 61 and 62: Figure 25: Flood hazard zone map ov
Page 63 and 64: Photo 3 Waste-dumping along storm-w
Page 65 and 66: disease incidence. Prolonged drough
Page 67 and 68: Figure 28 (b) Modeled flood extent
Page 69 and 70: 4.3 Poverty, pollution and GHG emit
Page 71 and 72: households) and gas (3 percent). Ta
Page 73: Box 3: Roles of the City Council an
Page 77 and 78: to give employment priority to comm
Page 79 and 80: Improvements were undertaken by cit
Page 81 and 82: 5.3.3 Mitigation-Friendly Policies
Page 83 and 84: 4 GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change f
Page 85 and 86: 6.1 Proposed areas for support Supp
Page 87 and 88: change, so that they could formulat
Page 89 and 90: • In-depth analysis is needed of
Page 91 and 92: Kyessi, S and Kyessi, A. (2007). Re
Page 93 and 94: 93 Annex 1 (a) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
Page 95 and 96: Table 2: Construction Materials Wal
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Page 99 and 100: 31. How does your water taste: 1.Go
Page 101 and 102: 1. Monthly ( ) 2. Three to six mont
Page 103 and 104: 49. Rank five (5) major problems fa
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Page 107 and 108: water drainage channel 2.1 Assessme
Page 109 and 110: 109 Annex 1(b) URBAN POVERTY AND CL
Page 111 and 112: No 1 Name of City Program Instituti
Page 113 and 114: 113 Annex 1 (c) URBAN POVERTY AND C
Page 115 and 116: 3 Environmental Monitoring 4 Beach
Page 117 and 118: No Type of poverty alleviation supp
Page 119 and 120: KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW CHECKLIST 1
Page 121 and 122: Dar Es Salaam Administrative Struct
Page 123 and 124: CITY COUNCIL Officials Interviewed
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Ubungo Kibangu Paul Thomas Tabata-M
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A simplified flowchart of the metho
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connected together by connection no
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Urban Poverty & Climate Change in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

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