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488 Avierican Seashells Pompano Beach, Florida. It is a moderately common, fairly shallow-water species. Octopus joubini Robson Joubin's Octopus Southern half of Florida, and the West Indies. Figure lood A small species with a length, including the longest arm, of from 4 to 6, rarely 7 inches. The arms are short, with a mantle-arm index of about 40 to 50. Ligula-index about 6 to 7. Gill plates 5 or 6 usually. Skin smoothish, except for little pimples at scattered intervals. In this species, the longest arm is only 2 or 3 times the mantle-length, while in O. briareus the longest arm is 5 or 6 times as long as the mantle. Eggs large, amber-colored, and about 7 to 10 mm. in length. Occasionally cast ashore in fair numbers on the west coast of Florida. O. 77ter cat oris Adam 1937 the genus Paroctopus which is now considered of no value. is the same. Formerly placed in Octopus hongkongensis Hoyle Common Pacific Octopus Alaska to Lower California. Japan to south China. Figure loof Length, including longest arm, ^ to 3 feet (possibly with a radial spread of nearly 28 feet in Alaskan waters). Skin in preserved specimens covered everywhere by numerous small, pimple-like tubercles with star-shaped bases, and by many heavy, much interrupted, longitudinal wrinkles. Above each eye there is a rather small, conical wart and with a very large, pinnacle-like protuberance behind it. Ligula index 4 to 7. The web between the second and third arms usually extends out to a quarter of the arm's length. Elsewhere the webs are shorter. The commonest littoral Octopus on the Pacific Coast found from shore to 100 fathoms. This is O. punctatns Gabb. O. californicus Berry, an off-shore species, has a large lingula with an index of 14 to 17. The skin in preserved material is covered with numerous, large stellate warts. The Californian Deep-water Octopus. Octopus bi?naculatus Verrill Two-spotted Octopus Los Angeles, California, to Lower California. Total length ^ to 2 feet. Characterized by a large, distinct, round, dark spot in front of each eye near the base of each third arm. Eggs small, 1.8 to 4.0 mm. in length with long stalks, attached in festoons. Mantle-arm index usually 22, but ranging from 14 to 29. Ligula-index 2.0, not significant in separating this species from bimaculoides. Fairly common. Lives in the lower part of the intertidal zone down to several feet where there is rock bottom.
W OCTOPODIDAE 489 Aside from egg-size and egg-clusters and mantle-arm index, there is great difficulty in separating this species from O. bimaciiloides Pickford which lives nearby in shallower water where there is mud present. Octopus bimaciiloides Pickford Mud-flat Octopus Los i\ngeles, California, to Lower California. Almost identical with O. bimacidatus Verrill. Eggs large, 9.5 to 17.5 mm. in length, with shorter stalks, attached in small clusters. Mantle-arm index 34, but ranging from 29 to 39. Fairly common in shallow water among rocks where mud is present. Adults are somewhat smaller than bimacidatus.
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I inch (English) I pouce (French) I
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THE NEW ILLUSTRATED NATURALIST EDIT
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NEW YORK D. Van Nostrand Company, I
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Preface This book wrote itself in r
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Contents CHAPTER PAGE Preface vii L
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1 xii List of Plates PLATE 2 3 BETW
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XIV A.AV Foreivord of all of us who
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CHAPTER I Man and Mollusks Seashell
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Man and Mollusks 5 Indo-Pacific are
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Man and Molhisks 7 (Cypraecassis ru
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Man and Mollusks 9 It was not until
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Man and Molhisks 11 shell ornaments
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Man and Mollusks 13 ancients. They
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Ma7J and Mollusks 15 Sea Snails, ]a
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Life of the Snails 17 pods. A few s
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Life of the Snails 19 ma {Smtnia) l
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Life of the Snails 21 review of the
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Life of the Snails 23 from which th
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Life of the Snails 25 sexuality. Du
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IMASSARIUS Life of the Snails 27 Fi
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Life of the Snails 29 eggs may deve
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CHAPTER III Life of the Clams Of th
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Life of the Clams 3 3 book and, by
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Life of the Cla?ns HOW THEY FEED No
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Life of the Cla?ns 37 Lying close t
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Life of the Cla?ns 39 A certain amo
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Life of the Clams 41 the eggs are f
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Life of the Clams 43 HOW THEY SENSE
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Life of the Clams 45 the scallops.
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Lives of the Other Mollusks 47 crip
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Lives of the Other Mollusks 49 freq
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Lives of the Other Molliisks 51 now
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Lives of the Other Mollusks 53 spec
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Lives of the Other Mollusks 55 micr
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Collecting American Seashells SI It
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Collecting A7nerican Seashells 59 s
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CollecMg American Seashells 61 grav
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Collecting American Seashells 63 va
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Collecting American Seashells 65 eq
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Collectifig American Seashells 61 o
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Collecting American Seash ells 69 A
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Honjo to Know American Seashells 71
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How to Know American Seashells 73 F
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Honv to Know Ajjierican Seash ells
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Hoiv to Know American Seashells 77
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How to Knouo American Seashells 79
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Honjo to K?iow American Seashells 8
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HouD to Know Aiiiericmi Seashells 8
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Houo to Know Afjierican Seashells 8
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How to K?iow American Seashells 87
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PART II Guide to the American Seash
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92 America?! Seash ells Gulf of Mex
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94 American Seashells Haliotis kamt
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96 American Seashells Puncturella c
Page 116 and 117:
98 Ainerican Seash ells Diodora mur
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100 American Seashells Subfamily FI
Page 120 and 121:
102 American Seashells Subgenus Col
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104 American Seashells I % inch in
Page 124 and 125:
106 American Seashells Acmaea antil
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108 American Seash ells Margarites
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1 10 American Seashells Subgenus Ca
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112 American Seash ells Subfamily C
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114 American Seashells Figure 33. V
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Plate 2 PACIFIC COAST ABALONES a. R
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Plate 4 NERITES, PURPLE SEA-SNAILS,
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Plate 6 COWRIES a. Atlantic Yellow
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Plate 8 Living Flamingo Tongues on
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Plate 9 BONNETS, TUNS AND FROG-SHEL
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Plate 1 SPINDLES, DWARF OLIVES AND
Page 156:
Plate 13 ATLANTIC TULIPS, SPINDLES
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Plate 15 NEW ENGLAND NUDIBRANCHS a.
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Plate 16 PACIFIC COAST NIIDIBRANCHS
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TROCHIDAE 115 % to I Inch in length
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TROCHIDAE 117 Indies, Although fair
Page 169 and 170:
TROCHIDAE 119 T. hotessierana Orbig
Page 171 and 172:
TURBINIDAE 121 should be considered
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TURBINIDAE 12 3 Arene variabilis Da
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TURBINIDAE Ventura, California, to
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PHASIANELLIDAE 1 2 7 Lower Florida
Page 179 and 180:
NERITIDAE 129 Nerita fulgurans Gmel
Page 181 and 182:
LITTORINIDAE 131 Shell smooth excep
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LITTORINIDAE 13 3 Littorina angulif
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RISSOIDAE US 34 to 1 inch in length
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RISSOIDAE 137 C. Interspaces with s
Page 189 and 190:
VITRINELLIDAE 139 Vs inch in diamet
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TURRITELLIDAE 141 but usually has s
Page 193 and 194:
VERMETIDAE 143 heavily beaded, spir
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CAECIDAE 145 not the common West Fl
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CAECIDAE 147 3.0 mm. in length by i
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CAECIDAE 149 shell, cutting across
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POTAMIDIDAE 151 the outside of the
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CERITHIIDAE 15 3 2 yellowish white,
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CERITHIIDAE 155 % to /4 inch in len
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CERITHIIDAE 157 %6 to % inch in len
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TRIPHORIDAE 159 cords or threads. A
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EPITONIIDAE 161 be opisthobranchs a
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EPITONIIDAE 163 Vo X.0 % inch in le
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HIPPONICIDAE 165 % to % inch in len
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TRICHOTROPIDAE 167 is white in colo
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CALYPTRAEIDAE 169 I % inches in dia
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CALYPTRAEIDAE 171 Variable in shape
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STROMBIDAE 17 3 "It is generally ad
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LAMELLARIIDAE 175 Strombus ranimis
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ERATOIDAE 177 ^ inch in length, res
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ERATOIDAE 179 Trivia 7tix Schilder
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CYPRAEIDAE 181 Cypraea mus Linne (p
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OVULIDAE 183 Neosimnia avena Sowerb
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NATICIDAE 185 ^ inch in diameter, p
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NATICIDAE 187 Subgenus Glossaulax P
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NATICIDAE 189 Genus Lunatia Gray 18
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NATICIDAE 191 Subjainily NATICINAE
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CASSIDIDAE 193 1% to 3 inches in le
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CYMATIIDAE 195 enamel-white. Enamel
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BURSIDAE 197 % to 2^2 inches in len
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TONNIDAE 199 Subgenus Crossata Jous
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MURICIDAE 201 3 inches in length, w
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MURIGIDAE 203 Outer lip crenulate a
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MURICIDAE 205 completely. A deep wa
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MURIGIDAE 207 described, and we hav
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MURICIDAE 209 1% to 2 inches in len
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a. KEYHOLE LIMPET, Megathura crenu-
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a. ERODED PERIWINKLE, Littorina pla
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a. LAMELLOSE WENTLETRAP, Epitonium
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TWO-KEELED HAIRY-SHELL, Tiicliotrop
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a. SULCATE MITER, Mitra sulcata Gme
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a. COMMON EASTERN OYSTER, Crasso- s
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BROAD-RIBBED CARDITA, Cardita flori
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a. GIANT ATLANTIC COCKLE, Dbwcardiu
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MURICIDAE 211 Muricopsis ostrearum
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MURICIDAE 213 Urosalpinx tampaensis
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MURICIDAE 215 with rounded, spiral
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MURICIDAE 217 often fimbriated axia
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MAGILIDAE 219 Aperture white. Exter
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COLUMBELLIDAE 221 Genus Anachis H.
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COLUMBELLIDAE 22 3 gausapata Gould
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BUCCINIDAE 225 a much higher spire,
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BUCCINIDAE 111 3 to 4 inches in len
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BUCCINIDAE 229 Colus pubescens Verr
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BUCCINIDAE 231 Subgenus Sulcosipho
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BUCCINIDAE 23 3 Former distinct var
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MELONGENIDAE 235 Melongena corona p
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NASSARIIDAE 237 part of the Gulf of
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NASSARIIDAE 2 39 Subgenus Hinia Gra
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FASCIOLARIIDAE 241 iVi inches in le
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FASCIOLARIIDAE 243 Subfa?nily FUSIN
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OLIVIDAE 245 7 to 14 inches in leng
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OLIVIDAE 247 % inch in length, apex
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MITRIDAE 249 in color. lo whorls. C
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VOLUTIDAE 251 Subgenus Aurinia H. a
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CANCELLARIIDAE 2 5 3 Genus Narona H
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Figure 56. Marginellas. a, Marginel
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MARGINELLIDAE 257 Prunu77t apicimw7
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MARGINELLIDAE 2 59 % inch in length
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CONIDAE 261 brown dots sometimes pr
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CONIDAE 263 % to % inch in length;
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TEREBRIDAE 265 Conus californiciis
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TURRIDAE 267 Terebra salleana Desha
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Figure 57. American Turret and Mang
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TURRIDAE 271 brown with a white ban
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TURRIDAE 27 3 Siibjainily BORSONIIN
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ACTEONIDAE 275 5 mm. in length; bod
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BULLIDAE 277 Fa7mly DIAPHANIDAE Gen
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ATYDAE 279 Genus Haminoea Turton an
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ACTEOCINIDAE 281 3 to 4 mm. in leng
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GASTROPTERIDAE 2 8 3 mantle reflexe
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APLYSIDAE 285 G. pacificu77i Bergh
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PLEUROBRANCHIDAE 287 ish. Gill plum
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PYRAMIDELLIDAE 289 to the host by m
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PYRAMIDELLIDAE 291 Figure 63. Pacif
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PERACLIDAE 293 Spiratella lesueuri
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CAVOLINIDAE 295 8 mm. in length, co
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PTEROPODA 297 FiGURK 64. F.xplanati
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DORIDAE 299 stricted. There is only
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DORIDAE 301 rate, retractile branch
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DENDRODORIDIDAE 303 minute, compres
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ONCHIDORIDAE 305 2 to 3 inches in l
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DENDRONOTIDAE 307 Ancula pacifica M
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FLABELLINIDAE 309 to 4. Radula of 8
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SIPHONARIIDAE 311 Figure 65. Atlant
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With tiny, granular scales: LEPIDOC
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MOPALIIDAE 315 Family MOPALIIDAE Ge
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CRYPTOPLACIDAE 317 center of each v
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ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 319 fly-shaped val
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ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 3 2 % to /4 inch i
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ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 3 2 3 I to 1V2 inc
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CHITONIDAE 325 Chiton squa?7tosiis
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CHAPTER IX Dentaliums and Other Tus
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Dentalium texasianum Philippi North
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DENTALIIDAE 331 Subgenus Graptacme
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SOLEMYACIDAE 33 3 Order PALAEOCONCH
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NUCULIDAE 3 35 Nucula atacellana Sc
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NUCULANIDAE 337 valves). Concentric
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NUCULANIDAE 3 39 About H to % inch
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ARCIDAE 341 1% to 2 inches in lengt
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ARCIDAE 343 ment moderately develop
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ARCIDAE 345 2/4 to 5 inches in leng
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LIMOPSIDAE 347 angular. Mostly deep
Page 431 and 432:
MYTILIDAE 349 Glycymeris americana
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MYTILIDAE 351 Crenella columbiana D
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MYTILIDAE 35 3 purplish and white.
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MYTILIDAE 355 siphon and behind int
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MYTILIDAE 357 with strong, vertical
Page 441 and 442:
FINNIDAE 359 Family PTERIIDAE Genus
Page 443 and 444:
PECTINIDAE 361 row, elongate chondr
Page 445 and 446:
PECTINIDAE 363 Pecten tereinus Dall
Page 447 and 448:
PECTINIDAE 365 secondary rib in bet
Page 449 and 450:
PECTINIDAE 367 margin of the valve.
Page 451 and 452:
SPONDYLIDAE 369 are attached to roc
Page 453 and 454:
ANOMIIDAE 371 I to 3 inches in heig
Page 455 and 456:
OSTREIDAE 37 3 similar to the Pacif
Page 457 and 458:
ASTARTIDAE 375 Crassostrea virginic
Page 459 and 460:
CRASSA TELLIDAE 3 7 7 adjacent and
Page 461 and 462:
CARDITIDAE 379 each other, located
Page 463 and 464:
ARCTICIDAE 381 shells are smooth an
Page 465 and 466:
DIPLODONTIDAE 383 Superjamily LUCIN
Page 467 and 468:
LUCINIDAE 385 monly with a thin, ye
Page 469 and 470:
LUCINIDAE 387 thick-shelled, white,
Page 471 and 472:
LUCINIDAE 389 The subspecies centri
Page 473 and 474:
CHAMIDAE 391 I to I K Inches In len
Page 475 and 476:
CHAMIDAE 393 of the valves. The paU
Page 477 and 478:
LEPTONIDAE 395 Lasaea cistula Keen
Page 479 and 480:
CARDIIDAE 397 a single specimen, is
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CARDIIDAE 399 I to 2 inches in size
Page 483 and 484:
CARDIIDAE 401 Exterior orange-yello
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Plate 34 SMALL SCALLOPS a. Sentis S
Page 488:
Plate 35 PEARL OYSTERS AND MUSSELS
Page 492:
Plate 37 JEWEL BOXES a. Clear Jewel
Page 496:
Plate 39 VENUS CLAMS AND COCKLES a.
Page 501 and 502:
CARD]IDAE 403 round and slightly ga
Page 503 and 504:
VENERIDAE 405 1% inches in length,
Page 505 and 506:
VENERIDAE 407 Genus Chione Miihlfel
Page 507 and 508:
VENERIDAE 409 % to % inch in length
Page 509 and 510:
VENERIDAE 411 1% to 2 inches in len
Page 511 and 512:
VENERIDAE 413 ^ to % inch in length
Page 513 and 514:
VENERIDAE 415 more distinct concent
Page 515 and 516:
VENERIDAE 417 storms between Seal B
Page 517 and 518:
PETRICOLIDAE 419 Color whitish to t
Page 519 and 520:
TELLINIDAE 421 pointed and slightly
Page 521 and 522:
TELLINIDAE 423 Schrank 1803 nor Lea
Page 523 and 524:
Tellina modesta Carpenter TELLINIDA
Page 525 and 526:
TELLINIDAE 427 Tellina iris Say Iri
Page 527 and 528:
TELLINIDAE 429 the pallial sinus ru
Page 529 and 530:
TELLINIDAE 4^1 centric sculpture of
Page 531 and 532:
TELLINIDAE 43 3 Macoma yoldijormis
Page 533 and 534:
SEMELIDAE 435 Semele pwpiirascens G
Page 535 and 536: DONACIDAE 437 A bra aequalis Say Co
Page 537 and 538: SANGUINOLARIIDAE 439 a purple flush
Page 539 and 540: SANGUINOLARllDAE 441 obscure) runni
Page 541 and 542: SOLENIDAE 443 5 to 6 inches in leng
Page 543 and 544: MACTRIDAE 445 coarse, concentric, i
Page 545 and 546: MACTRIDAE 447 end smaller than the
Page 547 and 548: MACTRIDAE 449 Genus Miilinia Gray 1
Page 549 and 550: MESODESMATIDAE 451 Figure 91. Rangi
Page 551 and 552: HIATELLIDAE 45 3 the dorsal and ven
Page 553 and 554: MYACIDAE 455 My a arenaria Linne So
Page 555 and 556: CORBULIDAE 457 % of an inch in leng
Page 557 and 558: GASTROCHAENIDAE 459 dull white with
Page 559 and 560: PHOLADIDAE 461 the valves. No scien
Page 561 and 562: PHOLADIDAE 463 which is supported b
Page 563 and 564: TEREDINIDAE 465 % to I ^ inches in
Page 565 and 566: TEREDINIDAE 467 Pallets about Vs in
Page 567 and 568: PANDORIDAE 469 ally compressed. Out
Page 569 and 570: THRACIIDAE 471 I inch in length, th
Page 571 and 572: PERIPLOA4A TIDAE 47 3 in a ventral
Page 573 and 574: CUSPIDARIIDAE 475 entire surface of
Page 575 and 576: CUSPIDARIIDAE 477 Cardio7nya pectin
Page 577 and 578: SEPIOLIDAE 479 The rather fragile,
Page 579 and 580: LOLIGINIDAE 481 Figure 99. Atlantic
Page 581 and 582: OMMASTREPHIDAE 48 3 Genus Doryteuth
Page 583 and 584: OCTOPODIDAE 485 Family ARGONAUTIDAE
Page 585: OCTOPODIDAE 487 under large rocks a
Page 589 and 590: Guide to the Molluscmi Literature 4
Page 591 and 592: Guide to the Molliiscan Literature
Page 593 and 594: Guide to the Molluscan Literature 4
Page 599 and 600: Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 5
Page 601 and 602: Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 5
Page 603 and 604: Index to Subject Matter and Common
Page 605 and 606: Carinate Dove-shell, 222 Carinate L
Page 607 and 608: I Flat Moon Shell, see Common Baby'
Page 609 and 610: I- 1 Lunar Dove-shell, 223, pi. 25g
Page 611 and 612: Rattle Shell, see Blackberry Drupe,
Page 613: Do^^ Fryon's Scallop, 366, pi. 33a
Page 616 and 617: 518 Agriodesma, 469 Agriopoma, 416
Page 618 and 619: 520 bitruncata, Panope, 454 Bittium
Page 620 and 621: 522 cepio, Pododesmus, 572 Cerastod
Page 622 and 623: 524 Index cucuUata, Puncturella, 96
Page 624 and 625: 526 Fartulum, 149 fasciata, Tegula,
Page 626 and 627: 528 rugosa, 453 striata, 453, fig.
Page 628 and 629: 530 fenestrata, 122, pi. i8u lirata
Page 630 and 631: 532 petri, 205 pomum, 202, pi. lo-l
Page 632 and 633: 534 Paleoconcha, 332, 333 pallasi,
Page 634 and 635: 536 Pteriidae, 359 Pteropoda, 292 P
Page 636 and 637:
538 weyssei, 130 miithi, Boreotroph
Page 638 and 639:
540 haemastoma haysae, 213 imbricat
Page 641:
I I
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