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72 American Seashells series of populations on the west coast of Florida which seem to be attempt- ing a "break-away" from the typical form, and to this geographical race the name Melojigena corojia perspectiva has been given. Perhaps in another million years, through fortuitous isolation (geographical or reproductive) and selection, it will merit recognition as a full species. Elsewhere throughout the range of corona, we find minor groups of variants, some that are individuals stunted by ecological conditions, others that are minor genetic variations which seem to crop up at random in all parts of Florida. These ecotypes, aberrations and varieties, although actors in the evolution game, do not warrant subspecific names. There have been many attempts to define a species. A very excellent summary of the various definitions has been published in Ernst Mayr's inter- esting book entitled Systematics and the Origin of Species (Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1942). Mayr defines species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups by geographical, physiological or ecological barriers. Un- fortunately, this biological concept of species cannot as yet be used exten- sively in the field of mollusks, for malacology is largely in the purely descrip- tive and cataloging stages, and the majority of species being described today are still based on the old-fashioned morphological species concept. While the species is considered by some people as an objective entity in nature, nearly everyone agrees that a genus is merely a convenient and arbitrary grouping of closely related species. This is also true of many higher categories such as the subfamily and family which are merely convenient groupings of closely related genera. However artificial, the system is ex- tremely useful, for it permits us to arrange the species in our collections and our scientific reports in a logical, evolutionary and biological sequence. IDENTIFICATION FEATURES These are the many morphological features exhibited in mollusks which are used for identifying species and in understanding the evolutionary rela- tionships existing between members of the higher categories, such as genera, families or orders. It must be realized that in some groups of shells certain types of characters, such as number of spines, shape of aperture or color markings are used to distinguish species, while in other groups these will prove useless and reliance may have to be put on the number of folds in the columella, the number of teeth in the aperture or the sculpturing on the operculum. These key features are pointed out in their appropriate places throughout this book. The \'erbal tools which are used in the study of mollusks are especially designed to assure a method as accurate as possible for telling apart the
How to Know American Seashells 73 Figure 22. Various shapes of gastropods, a, globose {Lunaiia heros Say); b, capshaped (Acjnaea testitdinalis Miiller); c, fusiform and with an anal notch on the outer lip {Cerodrillia acestra Dall); d, sinistral or left-handed (A?itiplanes vinosa Dall); e, slipper-shaped (Crepidiila fomicata Linne); f, high-spired (Terebra nassida Dall); g, low-spired (Architectojiica peracuta Dall); h, cone-shaped (Conus) ; i, whorls freely coiled ( Vermicidaria spirata Philippi) ; j, spinose {Murex hystricimis Dall); k, spindle-shaped (FiisiJius eucosinms Dall).
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I inch (English) I pouce (French) I
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THE NEW ILLUSTRATED NATURALIST EDIT
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NEW YORK D. Van Nostrand Company, I
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Preface This book wrote itself in r
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Contents CHAPTER PAGE Preface vii L
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1 xii List of Plates PLATE 2 3 BETW
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XIV A.AV Foreivord of all of us who
Page 21 and 22:
CHAPTER I Man and Mollusks Seashell
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Man and Mollusks 5 Indo-Pacific are
Page 25 and 26:
Man and Molhisks 7 (Cypraecassis ru
Page 27 and 28:
Man and Mollusks 9 It was not until
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Man and Molhisks 11 shell ornaments
Page 31 and 32:
Man and Mollusks 13 ancients. They
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Ma7J and Mollusks 15 Sea Snails, ]a
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Life of the Snails 17 pods. A few s
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Life of the Snails 19 ma {Smtnia) l
Page 39 and 40: Life of the Snails 21 review of the
Page 41 and 42: Life of the Snails 23 from which th
Page 43 and 44: Life of the Snails 25 sexuality. Du
Page 45 and 46: IMASSARIUS Life of the Snails 27 Fi
Page 47 and 48: Life of the Snails 29 eggs may deve
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER III Life of the Clams Of th
Page 51 and 52: Life of the Clams 3 3 book and, by
Page 53 and 54: Life of the Cla?ns HOW THEY FEED No
Page 55 and 56: Life of the Cla?ns 37 Lying close t
Page 57 and 58: Life of the Cla?ns 39 A certain amo
Page 59 and 60: Life of the Clams 41 the eggs are f
Page 61 and 62: Life of the Clams 43 HOW THEY SENSE
Page 63 and 64: Life of the Clams 45 the scallops.
Page 65 and 66: Lives of the Other Mollusks 47 crip
Page 67 and 68: Lives of the Other Mollusks 49 freq
Page 69 and 70: Lives of the Other Molliisks 51 now
Page 71 and 72: Lives of the Other Mollusks 53 spec
Page 73 and 74: Lives of the Other Mollusks 55 micr
Page 75 and 76: Collecting American Seashells SI It
Page 77 and 78: Collecting A7nerican Seashells 59 s
Page 79 and 80: CollecMg American Seashells 61 grav
Page 81 and 82: Collecting American Seashells 63 va
Page 83 and 84: Collecting American Seashells 65 eq
Page 85 and 86: Collectifig American Seashells 61 o
Page 87 and 88: Collecting American Seash ells 69 A
Page 89: Honjo to Know American Seashells 71
Page 93 and 94: Honv to Know Ajjierican Seash ells
Page 95 and 96: Hoiv to Know American Seashells 77
Page 97 and 98: How to Knouo American Seashells 79
Page 99 and 100: Honjo to K?iow American Seashells 8
Page 101 and 102: HouD to Know Aiiiericmi Seashells 8
Page 103 and 104: Houo to Know Afjierican Seashells 8
Page 105 and 106: How to K?iow American Seashells 87
Page 107: PART II Guide to the American Seash
Page 110 and 111: 92 America?! Seash ells Gulf of Mex
Page 112 and 113: 94 American Seashells Haliotis kamt
Page 114 and 115: 96 American Seashells Puncturella c
Page 116 and 117: 98 Ainerican Seash ells Diodora mur
Page 118 and 119: 100 American Seashells Subfamily FI
Page 120 and 121: 102 American Seashells Subgenus Col
Page 122 and 123: 104 American Seashells I % inch in
Page 124 and 125: 106 American Seashells Acmaea antil
Page 126 and 127: 108 American Seash ells Margarites
Page 128 and 129: 1 10 American Seashells Subgenus Ca
Page 130 and 131: 112 American Seash ells Subfamily C
Page 132 and 133: 114 American Seashells Figure 33. V
Page 134: Plate 2 PACIFIC COAST ABALONES a. R
Page 138: Plate 4 NERITES, PURPLE SEA-SNAILS,
Page 142:
Plate 6 COWRIES a. Atlantic Yellow
Page 146 and 147:
Plate 8 Living Flamingo Tongues on
Page 148:
Plate 9 BONNETS, TUNS AND FROG-SHEL
Page 152:
Plate 1 SPINDLES, DWARF OLIVES AND
Page 156:
Plate 13 ATLANTIC TULIPS, SPINDLES
Page 160 and 161:
Plate 15 NEW ENGLAND NUDIBRANCHS a.
Page 162 and 163:
Plate 16 PACIFIC COAST NIIDIBRANCHS
Page 165 and 166:
TROCHIDAE 115 % to I Inch in length
Page 167 and 168:
TROCHIDAE 117 Indies, Although fair
Page 169 and 170:
TROCHIDAE 119 T. hotessierana Orbig
Page 171 and 172:
TURBINIDAE 121 should be considered
Page 173 and 174:
TURBINIDAE 12 3 Arene variabilis Da
Page 175 and 176:
TURBINIDAE Ventura, California, to
Page 177 and 178:
PHASIANELLIDAE 1 2 7 Lower Florida
Page 179 and 180:
NERITIDAE 129 Nerita fulgurans Gmel
Page 181 and 182:
LITTORINIDAE 131 Shell smooth excep
Page 183 and 184:
LITTORINIDAE 13 3 Littorina angulif
Page 185 and 186:
RISSOIDAE US 34 to 1 inch in length
Page 187 and 188:
RISSOIDAE 137 C. Interspaces with s
Page 189 and 190:
VITRINELLIDAE 139 Vs inch in diamet
Page 191 and 192:
TURRITELLIDAE 141 but usually has s
Page 193 and 194:
VERMETIDAE 143 heavily beaded, spir
Page 195 and 196:
CAECIDAE 145 not the common West Fl
Page 197 and 198:
CAECIDAE 147 3.0 mm. in length by i
Page 199 and 200:
CAECIDAE 149 shell, cutting across
Page 201 and 202:
POTAMIDIDAE 151 the outside of the
Page 203 and 204:
CERITHIIDAE 15 3 2 yellowish white,
Page 205 and 206:
CERITHIIDAE 155 % to /4 inch in len
Page 207 and 208:
CERITHIIDAE 157 %6 to % inch in len
Page 209 and 210:
TRIPHORIDAE 159 cords or threads. A
Page 211 and 212:
EPITONIIDAE 161 be opisthobranchs a
Page 213 and 214:
EPITONIIDAE 163 Vo X.0 % inch in le
Page 215 and 216:
HIPPONICIDAE 165 % to % inch in len
Page 217 and 218:
TRICHOTROPIDAE 167 is white in colo
Page 219 and 220:
CALYPTRAEIDAE 169 I % inches in dia
Page 221 and 222:
CALYPTRAEIDAE 171 Variable in shape
Page 223 and 224:
STROMBIDAE 17 3 "It is generally ad
Page 225 and 226:
LAMELLARIIDAE 175 Strombus ranimis
Page 227 and 228:
ERATOIDAE 177 ^ inch in length, res
Page 229 and 230:
ERATOIDAE 179 Trivia 7tix Schilder
Page 231 and 232:
CYPRAEIDAE 181 Cypraea mus Linne (p
Page 233 and 234:
OVULIDAE 183 Neosimnia avena Sowerb
Page 235 and 236:
NATICIDAE 185 ^ inch in diameter, p
Page 237 and 238:
NATICIDAE 187 Subgenus Glossaulax P
Page 239 and 240:
NATICIDAE 189 Genus Lunatia Gray 18
Page 241 and 242:
NATICIDAE 191 Subjainily NATICINAE
Page 243 and 244:
CASSIDIDAE 193 1% to 3 inches in le
Page 245 and 246:
CYMATIIDAE 195 enamel-white. Enamel
Page 247 and 248:
BURSIDAE 197 % to 2^2 inches in len
Page 249 and 250:
TONNIDAE 199 Subgenus Crossata Jous
Page 251 and 252:
MURICIDAE 201 3 inches in length, w
Page 253 and 254:
MURIGIDAE 203 Outer lip crenulate a
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MURICIDAE 205 completely. A deep wa
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MURIGIDAE 207 described, and we hav
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MURICIDAE 209 1% to 2 inches in len
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a. KEYHOLE LIMPET, Megathura crenu-
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a. ERODED PERIWINKLE, Littorina pla
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a. LAMELLOSE WENTLETRAP, Epitonium
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TWO-KEELED HAIRY-SHELL, Tiicliotrop
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a. SULCATE MITER, Mitra sulcata Gme
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a. COMMON EASTERN OYSTER, Crasso- s
Page 286:
BROAD-RIBBED CARDITA, Cardita flori
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a. GIANT ATLANTIC COCKLE, Dbwcardiu
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MURICIDAE 211 Muricopsis ostrearum
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MURICIDAE 213 Urosalpinx tampaensis
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MURICIDAE 215 with rounded, spiral
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MURICIDAE 217 often fimbriated axia
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MAGILIDAE 219 Aperture white. Exter
Page 303 and 304:
COLUMBELLIDAE 221 Genus Anachis H.
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COLUMBELLIDAE 22 3 gausapata Gould
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BUCCINIDAE 225 a much higher spire,
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BUCCINIDAE 111 3 to 4 inches in len
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BUCCINIDAE 229 Colus pubescens Verr
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BUCCINIDAE 231 Subgenus Sulcosipho
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BUCCINIDAE 23 3 Former distinct var
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MELONGENIDAE 235 Melongena corona p
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NASSARIIDAE 237 part of the Gulf of
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NASSARIIDAE 2 39 Subgenus Hinia Gra
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FASCIOLARIIDAE 241 iVi inches in le
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FASCIOLARIIDAE 243 Subfa?nily FUSIN
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OLIVIDAE 245 7 to 14 inches in leng
Page 329 and 330:
OLIVIDAE 247 % inch in length, apex
Page 331 and 332:
MITRIDAE 249 in color. lo whorls. C
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VOLUTIDAE 251 Subgenus Aurinia H. a
Page 335 and 336:
CANCELLARIIDAE 2 5 3 Genus Narona H
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 56. Marginellas. a, Marginel
Page 339 and 340:
MARGINELLIDAE 257 Prunu77t apicimw7
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MARGINELLIDAE 2 59 % inch in length
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CONIDAE 261 brown dots sometimes pr
Page 345 and 346:
CONIDAE 263 % to % inch in length;
Page 347 and 348:
TEREBRIDAE 265 Conus californiciis
Page 349 and 350:
TURRIDAE 267 Terebra salleana Desha
Page 351 and 352:
Figure 57. American Turret and Mang
Page 353 and 354:
TURRIDAE 271 brown with a white ban
Page 355 and 356:
TURRIDAE 27 3 Siibjainily BORSONIIN
Page 357 and 358:
ACTEONIDAE 275 5 mm. in length; bod
Page 359 and 360:
BULLIDAE 277 Fa7mly DIAPHANIDAE Gen
Page 361 and 362:
ATYDAE 279 Genus Haminoea Turton an
Page 363 and 364:
ACTEOCINIDAE 281 3 to 4 mm. in leng
Page 365 and 366:
GASTROPTERIDAE 2 8 3 mantle reflexe
Page 367 and 368:
APLYSIDAE 285 G. pacificu77i Bergh
Page 369 and 370:
PLEUROBRANCHIDAE 287 ish. Gill plum
Page 371 and 372:
PYRAMIDELLIDAE 289 to the host by m
Page 373 and 374:
PYRAMIDELLIDAE 291 Figure 63. Pacif
Page 375 and 376:
PERACLIDAE 293 Spiratella lesueuri
Page 377 and 378:
CAVOLINIDAE 295 8 mm. in length, co
Page 379 and 380:
PTEROPODA 297 FiGURK 64. F.xplanati
Page 381 and 382:
DORIDAE 299 stricted. There is only
Page 383 and 384:
DORIDAE 301 rate, retractile branch
Page 385 and 386:
DENDRODORIDIDAE 303 minute, compres
Page 387 and 388:
ONCHIDORIDAE 305 2 to 3 inches in l
Page 389 and 390:
DENDRONOTIDAE 307 Ancula pacifica M
Page 391 and 392:
FLABELLINIDAE 309 to 4. Radula of 8
Page 393 and 394:
SIPHONARIIDAE 311 Figure 65. Atlant
Page 395 and 396:
With tiny, granular scales: LEPIDOC
Page 397 and 398:
MOPALIIDAE 315 Family MOPALIIDAE Ge
Page 399 and 400:
CRYPTOPLACIDAE 317 center of each v
Page 401 and 402:
ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 319 fly-shaped val
Page 403 and 404:
ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 3 2 % to /4 inch i
Page 405 and 406:
ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 3 2 3 I to 1V2 inc
Page 407 and 408:
CHITONIDAE 325 Chiton squa?7tosiis
Page 409 and 410:
CHAPTER IX Dentaliums and Other Tus
Page 411 and 412:
Dentalium texasianum Philippi North
Page 413 and 414:
DENTALIIDAE 331 Subgenus Graptacme
Page 415 and 416:
SOLEMYACIDAE 33 3 Order PALAEOCONCH
Page 417 and 418:
NUCULIDAE 3 35 Nucula atacellana Sc
Page 419 and 420:
NUCULANIDAE 337 valves). Concentric
Page 421 and 422:
NUCULANIDAE 3 39 About H to % inch
Page 423 and 424:
ARCIDAE 341 1% to 2 inches in lengt
Page 425 and 426:
ARCIDAE 343 ment moderately develop
Page 427 and 428:
ARCIDAE 345 2/4 to 5 inches in leng
Page 429 and 430:
LIMOPSIDAE 347 angular. Mostly deep
Page 431 and 432:
MYTILIDAE 349 Glycymeris americana
Page 433 and 434:
MYTILIDAE 351 Crenella columbiana D
Page 435 and 436:
MYTILIDAE 35 3 purplish and white.
Page 437 and 438:
MYTILIDAE 355 siphon and behind int
Page 439 and 440:
MYTILIDAE 357 with strong, vertical
Page 441 and 442:
FINNIDAE 359 Family PTERIIDAE Genus
Page 443 and 444:
PECTINIDAE 361 row, elongate chondr
Page 445 and 446:
PECTINIDAE 363 Pecten tereinus Dall
Page 447 and 448:
PECTINIDAE 365 secondary rib in bet
Page 449 and 450:
PECTINIDAE 367 margin of the valve.
Page 451 and 452:
SPONDYLIDAE 369 are attached to roc
Page 453 and 454:
ANOMIIDAE 371 I to 3 inches in heig
Page 455 and 456:
OSTREIDAE 37 3 similar to the Pacif
Page 457 and 458:
ASTARTIDAE 375 Crassostrea virginic
Page 459 and 460:
CRASSA TELLIDAE 3 7 7 adjacent and
Page 461 and 462:
CARDITIDAE 379 each other, located
Page 463 and 464:
ARCTICIDAE 381 shells are smooth an
Page 465 and 466:
DIPLODONTIDAE 383 Superjamily LUCIN
Page 467 and 468:
LUCINIDAE 385 monly with a thin, ye
Page 469 and 470:
LUCINIDAE 387 thick-shelled, white,
Page 471 and 472:
LUCINIDAE 389 The subspecies centri
Page 473 and 474:
CHAMIDAE 391 I to I K Inches In len
Page 475 and 476:
CHAMIDAE 393 of the valves. The paU
Page 477 and 478:
LEPTONIDAE 395 Lasaea cistula Keen
Page 479 and 480:
CARDIIDAE 397 a single specimen, is
Page 481 and 482:
CARDIIDAE 399 I to 2 inches in size
Page 483 and 484:
CARDIIDAE 401 Exterior orange-yello
Page 486 and 487:
Plate 34 SMALL SCALLOPS a. Sentis S
Page 488:
Plate 35 PEARL OYSTERS AND MUSSELS
Page 492:
Plate 37 JEWEL BOXES a. Clear Jewel
Page 496:
Plate 39 VENUS CLAMS AND COCKLES a.
Page 501 and 502:
CARD]IDAE 403 round and slightly ga
Page 503 and 504:
VENERIDAE 405 1% inches in length,
Page 505 and 506:
VENERIDAE 407 Genus Chione Miihlfel
Page 507 and 508:
VENERIDAE 409 % to % inch in length
Page 509 and 510:
VENERIDAE 411 1% to 2 inches in len
Page 511 and 512:
VENERIDAE 413 ^ to % inch in length
Page 513 and 514:
VENERIDAE 415 more distinct concent
Page 515 and 516:
VENERIDAE 417 storms between Seal B
Page 517 and 518:
PETRICOLIDAE 419 Color whitish to t
Page 519 and 520:
TELLINIDAE 421 pointed and slightly
Page 521 and 522:
TELLINIDAE 423 Schrank 1803 nor Lea
Page 523 and 524:
Tellina modesta Carpenter TELLINIDA
Page 525 and 526:
TELLINIDAE 427 Tellina iris Say Iri
Page 527 and 528:
TELLINIDAE 429 the pallial sinus ru
Page 529 and 530:
TELLINIDAE 4^1 centric sculpture of
Page 531 and 532:
TELLINIDAE 43 3 Macoma yoldijormis
Page 533 and 534:
SEMELIDAE 435 Semele pwpiirascens G
Page 535 and 536:
DONACIDAE 437 A bra aequalis Say Co
Page 537 and 538:
SANGUINOLARIIDAE 439 a purple flush
Page 539 and 540:
SANGUINOLARllDAE 441 obscure) runni
Page 541 and 542:
SOLENIDAE 443 5 to 6 inches in leng
Page 543 and 544:
MACTRIDAE 445 coarse, concentric, i
Page 545 and 546:
MACTRIDAE 447 end smaller than the
Page 547 and 548:
MACTRIDAE 449 Genus Miilinia Gray 1
Page 549 and 550:
MESODESMATIDAE 451 Figure 91. Rangi
Page 551 and 552:
HIATELLIDAE 45 3 the dorsal and ven
Page 553 and 554:
MYACIDAE 455 My a arenaria Linne So
Page 555 and 556:
CORBULIDAE 457 % of an inch in leng
Page 557 and 558:
GASTROCHAENIDAE 459 dull white with
Page 559 and 560:
PHOLADIDAE 461 the valves. No scien
Page 561 and 562:
PHOLADIDAE 463 which is supported b
Page 563 and 564:
TEREDINIDAE 465 % to I ^ inches in
Page 565 and 566:
TEREDINIDAE 467 Pallets about Vs in
Page 567 and 568:
PANDORIDAE 469 ally compressed. Out
Page 569 and 570:
THRACIIDAE 471 I inch in length, th
Page 571 and 572:
PERIPLOA4A TIDAE 47 3 in a ventral
Page 573 and 574:
CUSPIDARIIDAE 475 entire surface of
Page 575 and 576:
CUSPIDARIIDAE 477 Cardio7nya pectin
Page 577 and 578:
SEPIOLIDAE 479 The rather fragile,
Page 579 and 580:
LOLIGINIDAE 481 Figure 99. Atlantic
Page 581 and 582:
OMMASTREPHIDAE 48 3 Genus Doryteuth
Page 583 and 584:
OCTOPODIDAE 485 Family ARGONAUTIDAE
Page 585 and 586:
OCTOPODIDAE 487 under large rocks a
Page 587 and 588:
W OCTOPODIDAE 489 Aside from egg-si
Page 589 and 590:
Guide to the Molluscmi Literature 4
Page 591 and 592:
Guide to the Molliiscan Literature
Page 593 and 594:
Guide to the Molluscan Literature 4
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 5
Page 601 and 602:
Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 5
Page 603 and 604:
Index to Subject Matter and Common
Page 605 and 606:
Carinate Dove-shell, 222 Carinate L
Page 607 and 608:
I Flat Moon Shell, see Common Baby'
Page 609 and 610:
I- 1 Lunar Dove-shell, 223, pi. 25g
Page 611 and 612:
Rattle Shell, see Blackberry Drupe,
Page 613:
Do^^ Fryon's Scallop, 366, pi. 33a
Page 616 and 617:
518 Agriodesma, 469 Agriopoma, 416
Page 618 and 619:
520 bitruncata, Panope, 454 Bittium
Page 620 and 621:
522 cepio, Pododesmus, 572 Cerastod
Page 622 and 623:
524 Index cucuUata, Puncturella, 96
Page 624 and 625:
526 Fartulum, 149 fasciata, Tegula,
Page 626 and 627:
528 rugosa, 453 striata, 453, fig.
Page 628 and 629:
530 fenestrata, 122, pi. i8u lirata
Page 630 and 631:
532 petri, 205 pomum, 202, pi. lo-l
Page 632 and 633:
534 Paleoconcha, 332, 333 pallasi,
Page 634 and 635:
536 Pteriidae, 359 Pteropoda, 292 P
Page 636 and 637:
538 weyssei, 130 miithi, Boreotroph
Page 638 and 639:
540 haemastoma haysae, 213 imbricat
Page 641:
I I
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