Tellurite And Fluorotellurite Glasses For Active And Passive

Contents; MDO ii
3.3. Glass melting 72
3.4. Fluorination of ZnF2 78
3.5. References 80
4. Thermal properties and glass stability 82
4.1. Experimental 83
4.1.1. Method, instrumentation and theory of operation 83
4.1.1.1. DTA 83
4.1.1.2. DSC 85
4.1.2. Identification of transformations 86
4.1.3. Modelling transformation kinetics 91
4.1.4. Experimental considerations 96
4.1.5. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) experiments 98
4.2. Results 100
4.2.1. DTA traces of oxide glasses 100
4.2.2. DTA traces of fluorotellurite glasses 104
4.3. Discussion 114
4.4. Summary 128
4.5. References 129
5. Crystallisation studies 134
5.1. Experimental 134
5.1.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 134
5.1.1.1. Method and instrumentation 134
5.1.1.2. Theory of operation 135
5.2. Results 139
5.2.1. XRD 139
5.2.1.1. XRD of batch materials 139
5.2.1.2. XRD of deposits from glass melting and
fluorination 146
5.2.1.3. XRD of glasses which crystallised during
processing and characterisation 149
5.2.1.4. Heat treated Er +3 -doped compositions 152
5.3. Discussion 154
5.3.1. XRD 154
5.3.1.1. XRD of batch materials 154
5.3.1.2. XRD of deposits from glass melting and
fluorination 156
5.3.1.3. XRD of glasses which crystallised during
processing and characterisation 159
5.3.1.4. Heat treated Er +3 -doped compositions 162
5.4. Summary 163
5.5. References 163
6. Optical properties 165
6.1. Experimental 165
6.1.1. Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy 165
6.1.1.1. Method and instrumentation 165
6.1.1.2. Theory of operation 166
6.1.2. Ellipsometry 180